Semester 1 Flashcards
Does
A) Chance (Random error)
B) Bias (Systematic error)
Increase/decrease/stay the same as sample size increases?
A) Chance decreases as sample size increases
B) Bias stays the same as sample size increases
Prevalence:
- what is its definition?
- what is its calculation?
Definition: PROPORTION of people that have the disease at the given time (both new and old CASES)
Calculation: (number of people with the disease)/population size
Incidence definition.
What is its calculation?
The number of new cases of the disease within a given timeframe (useful when monitoring epidemics).
Incidence rate:
Events per person per year = (no. of new cases)/time the patient is at risk
What is a positive definition of health?
Which socio-economic class typically have this view?
Being fit and having a good wellbeing.
Higher socio-economic class.
What is a negative definition of health?
Which socio-economic class typically have this view?
Being free from illness.
Lower socio-economic class
What is a functional definition of health?
Ability to actively do things
What are the 5 different types of work that are apart of the sociological theory of chronic illness?
Biographical work Identity work Everyday life work Illness work Emotional work
Descriptive and Analytical studies are both Observational studies.
Give 2 examples of a Descriptive study and 2 examples of an Analytical study.
Descriptive study:
Ecological study
Cross-sectional study
Analytical study:
CS - Cohort study
CCS - Case control study
Ecological fallacy is a type of confounding that is found in Ecological studies.
What is the definition of ecological fallacy?
Presuming that every individual in that group has the same characteristic
Chance (random error) is a typical issue in most studies.
It is therefore found in Cross-sectional studies.
Name 2 other issues found in Cross-sectional studies.
Participant bias
Sampling bias
Describe what a Retrospective Case-control study is.
Compares patients that have the outcome/disease (Case) with the patients that do not have the outcome/disease (Control) and look retrospectively (back) to see the frequency of exposure in both groups (Case and Control) and see the risk of exposure producing the outcome/disease.
What are 4 issues with Case-control studies?
Information bias
Selection bias
Confounding
Chance
What is a Concurrent Cohort study also called?
Describe what this study is.
Describe what a Retrospective/Historical Cohort study is.
A Prospective Cohort study is when the Exposed and Unexposed groups are compared for sometime to see what the outcome is.
A Retrospective Cohort study is when you compare the Exposed and Unexposed groups and the outcomes (that have already occurred) in each group.
Name 4 issues with Cohort studies
Confounding
Chance
Informational bias
Loss to follow up
Odds ratio and (Incidence) Rate ratios.
Which ones can be used in Cohort studies and Case-control studies?
Case-control studies: Odds ratio (as case control studies are always retrospective, you do not/cannot assess the risk so do not need to calculate the risk/rate ratio)
Cohort studies: Odds ratio or Rate ratio
Describe the social selection explanation of the Black Report.
The causation is from Health status to Social status. The more ill you are, the poorer your social status (move down the social hierarchy)
Describe the Behavioural-cultural explanation of the Black Report.
Ill health is due to an individuals (poor) choices
You can have an inequality without it being an inequity.
What are the definitions of both words?
Inequality - when things are imbalanced/unequal
Inequity - an inequality that is unfair and avoidable
People who are symptomatic but do not consult contribute to what phenomenon?
Illness iceberg
Describe the Materialist explanation of the Black Report.
Health status is a result of the access to material resources, e.g. income, housing, work environment. Accumulation of these factors over your lifetime determines your health status
Give 3 reasons why it is important for doctors to have an understanding of lay beliefs
- Lay beliefs influence illness behaviour
- Lay beliefs influence compliance/non-compliance
- Lay beliefs influence health behaviour
Describe Wilkinson’s Income distribution theory of health inequality.
(A countries relative income is measured, instead of their average income).
The greater the income inequality, the greater the health inequality (in a country).
