semester 1

Question 1

what is ecology

Answer 1

study of organisms and their interactions with one another as well as their environment

Question 2

what are the 7 characteristics of life

Answer 2

homeostasis
growth
cells (organization)
metabolism
adaptation/evolution
reproduction
response to stimuli

Question 3

biotic factor

Answer 3

living or formerly living

Question 4

abiotic factor

Answer 4

nonliving

Question 5

6 levels of organization that organisms have

Answer 5

individual
population
community
ecosystem
biome
biosphere

Question 6

3 types of symbiotic relationships

Answer 6

mutualism ++
commensalism +0
parasitism +-

Question 7

invasive species

Answer 7

non-native species that outcompetes native species for resources and poses a threat to the stability of the ecosystem

Question 8

organism’s niche

Answer 8

the role that something has in an ecosystem, as well as where it lives

Question 9

autotroph

Answer 9

make their own energy

Question 10

heterotroph

Answer 10

eat other organisms for their energy

Question 11

trophic levels

Answer 11

primary producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
tertiary consumers

Question 12

why are decomposers necessary

Answer 12

they break down organic matter back into the soil

Question 13

what is the 10% rule?

Answer 13

only 10% of the energy is passed from organism to organism when one eats another

Question 14

which trophic level contains the most energy?

Answer 14

producers. They still have 100% of the energy that they create from photosynthesis.

Question 15

logistic growth

Answer 15

exponential increase followed by a leveling off as population reaches carrying capacity

Question 16

predator-prey or boom-bust

Answer 16

continued cycles of growth and decline, with the predator population “following” the prey.

Question 16

exponential growth

Answer 16

rapid, uncontrolled growth towards infinity

Question 17

where is the carrying capacity located on a logistic/ carrying capacity graph

Answer 17

the point where the population levels off as a result of exceeding the available resources in the environment

Question 18

what is emigration?

Answer 18

emigration is leaving an area

Question 19

what is immigration?

Answer 19

immigration is going into a new area.

Question 20

k selected species

Answer 20

k-selection means that a population is existing close to carrying capacity (K). they are having a small amount of offspring but are dedicating more effort and resources towards keeping each one alive. these are usually larger animals like elephants (or humans!).

Question 21

r selected species

Answer 21

r-selection means that a population is relying on birth rate to outweigh death rate. they are having a large amount of offspring, banking on the fact that many of them will not survive, but the ones that do survive will keep the population alive. these are usually smaller organisms like rats.

Question 22

three types of population survival types

Answer 22

type I: long average survivability, but steep spike in mortality rate once you reach old age. example: humans
type II: constant mortality rate across lifespan, with equal chances of survival at each stage.
example: birds
type III: low average survival rate, with most dying within the beginning stage of life. The few that survive, though, will live a long time.
example: trees

Question 23

what are the four biomolecules?

Answer 23

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 24

what do mitochondria do for the body?

Answer 24

they use carbohydrates to make ATP. ENERGY

Question 25

which biomolecule do mitochondria break down in our body?

Answer 25

carbohydrates

Question 26

what do chloroplasts do for plants?

Answer 26

they use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make carbohydrates and oxygen

Question 27

which biomolecule do chloroplasts make?

Answer 27

carbohydrates

Question 28

when carbon and Hydrogen bonds are broken, what does that create?

Answer 28

energy

Question 29

what is a Monomer?

Answer 29

a single unit

Question 30

what is a polymer?

Answer 30

many small units combined to make a full macromolecule

Question 31

what is the difference between sugar and a carbohydrate?

Answer 31

a sugar is a monosaccharide, or a single unit of a carbohydrate. “carbohydrate” refers to all types of monosaccharides AND polysaccharides.

Question 32

name all four biomolecules and a food we find each in.

Answer 32

carbs - bread lipids - olive oil protein - beef nucleic acids - every food

Question 33

name all four monomers of each biomolecule.

Answer 33

carbs - monosaccharides lipids - fatty acids and glycerol proteins - amino acids nucleic acids - nucleotides

Question 34

what can you find in plant cells, but not animals?

Answer 34

chloroplasts and cell walls

Question 35

tell where the water goes for each type of solution

Answer 35

hypotonic - water goes into the cell hypertonic - water leaves the cell isotonic - water goes both ways

Question 36

active transport

Answer 36

requires energy

Question 37

passive transport

Answer 37

does not require energy

Question 38

diffusion

Answer 38

movement of solute particles from high concentration to low concentration

Question 39

facilitated diffusion

Answer 39

the same as diffusion except it needs to go through a protein channel. PASSES CELL MEMBRANE

Question 40

osmosis

Answer 40

movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Question 41

what are the different organelles inside of a eukaryotic cell? what are their functions?

Answer 41

nucleus - houses DNA mitochondria - makes energy lysosome - breaks down materials chloroplast - ONLY in plants, does photosynthesis cell membrane - controls what comes in and out of the cell

Question 42

what types of organisms have prokaryotic cells and which have eukaryotic cells?

Answer 42

prokaryotic - bacteria eukaryotic - plants and animals

Question 43

describe the structures in a cell membrane.

Answer 43

phospholipid bilayer - two layers of phospholipids with the heads pointing out and the tails pointing in protein channels - allow for facilitated diffusion pumps - used in active transport

Question 44

what are the three types of passive transport?

Answer 44

diffusion - moving solute molecules from high to low concentration facilitated diffusion - moving molecules through protein channels (high to low) osmosis - moving WATER from high to low concentration

Question 45

what are the three types of active transport?

Answer 45

exocytosis - using energy to move large molecules out of the cell endocytosis - using energy to move large molecules into the cell pumps - moving solute molecules from low to high concentration

Question 46

what process takes energy from sunlight and uses it to create glucose?

Answer 46

photosynthesis

Question 47

what are the products of photosynthesis?

Answer 47

glucose and oxygen

Question 48

this molecule provides the hydrogens to make glucose; and is brought in through the soil

Answer 48

water

Question 49

this molecule provides the carbons to make glucose and is brought in through the atmosphere

Answer 49

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Question 50

an energy molecule directly used by cells is?

Answer 50

ATP

Question 51

the process of converting sugar energy into ATP is known as

Answer 51

cellular respiration

Question 52

these are the reactants needed to complete cellular respiration

Answer 52

glucose and oxygen

Question 53

cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is present

Answer 53

aerobic Respiration

Question 54

cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is absent

Answer 54

anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Question 55

what is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? (ATP)

Answer 55

the amount of ATP that can be produced without oxygen is less than the amount produced with oxygen

Question 56

how much ATP is made during AEROBIC cellular respiration

Answer 56

38 ATP

Question 57

how much ATP is made during ANAEROBIC cellular respiration

Answer 57

2 ATP

Question 58

relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Answer 58

-the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis -the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration -cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes of each other

Question 59

why would no cellular respiration be occurring at 100°C?

Answer 59

yeast cells may have been killed off by the high temperatures

Question 60

what color is the pigment chlorophyll

Answer 60

green (plants)

Question 61

ATP generated in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the ETC

Answer 61

glycolysis makes 2 ATP krebs cycle makes 2 ATP ETC makes 34 ATP

Question 62

what are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

Answer 62

reactants: glucose, 2 ATP, ADP+P, NAD+ products: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, NADH

Question 63

what are the reactants and products of the krebs cycle?

Answer 63

reactants: pyruvate, NAD+, FAD, ADP+P products: NADH, FADH2, CO2, 2 ATP

Question 64

what are the reactants and products of the ETC?

Answer 64

reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP+P products: NAD+, FAD, H2O, 34 ATP

Question 65

why do cells use fermentation? how much ATP is made?

Answer 65

when oxygen and/or mitochondria are not present. 2 ATP.