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CP biology > semester 1 > Flashcards

semester 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is ecology

A

study of organisms and their interactions with one another as well as their environment

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2
Q

what are the 7 characteristics of life

A

homeostasis
growth
cells (organization)
metabolism
adaptation/evolution
reproduction
response to stimuli

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3
Q

biotic factor

A

living or formerly living

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4
Q

abiotic factor

A

nonliving

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5
Q

6 levels of organization that organisms have

A

individual
population
community
ecosystem
biome
biosphere

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6
Q

3 types of symbiotic relationships

A

mutualism ++
commensalism +0
parasitism +-

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7
Q

invasive species

A

non-native species that outcompetes native species for resources and poses a threat to the stability of the ecosystem

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8
Q

organism’s niche

A

the role that something has in an ecosystem, as well as where it lives

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9
Q

autotroph

A

make their own energy

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10
Q

heterotroph

A

eat other organisms for their energy

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11
Q

trophic levels

A

primary producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
tertiary consumers

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12
Q

why are decomposers necessary

A

they break down organic matter back into the soil

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13
Q

what is the 10% rule?

A

only 10% of the energy is passed from organism to organism when one eats another

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14
Q

which trophic level contains the most energy?

A

producers. They still have 100% of the energy that they create from photosynthesis.

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15
Q

logistic growth

A

exponential increase followed by a leveling off as population reaches carrying capacity

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16
Q

predator-prey or boom-bust

A

continued cycles of growth and decline, with the predator population “following” the prey.

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16
Q

exponential growth

A

rapid, uncontrolled growth towards infinity

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17
Q

where is the carrying capacity located on a logistic/ carrying capacity graph

A

the point where the population levels off as a result of exceeding the available resources in the environment

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18
Q

what is emigration?

A

emigration is leaving an area

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19
Q

what is immigration?

A

immigration is going into a new area.

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20
Q

k selected species

A

k-selection means that a population is existing close to carrying capacity (K). they are having a small amount of offspring but are dedicating more effort and resources towards keeping each one alive. these are usually larger animals like elephants (or humans!).

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21
Q

r selected species

A

r-selection means that a population is relying on birth rate to outweigh death rate. they are having a large amount of offspring, banking on the fact that many of them will not survive, but the ones that do survive will keep the population alive. these are usually smaller organisms like rats.

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22
Q

three types of population survival types

A

type I: long average survivability, but steep spike in mortality rate once you reach old age. example: humans
type II: constant mortality rate across lifespan, with equal chances of survival at each stage.
example: birds
type III: low average survival rate, with most dying within the beginning stage of life. The few that survive, though, will live a long time.
example: trees

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23
Q

what are the four biomolecules?

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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24
Q

what do mitochondria do for the body?

A

they use carbohydrates to make ATP. ENERGY

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25
Q

which biomolecule do mitochondria break down in our body?

A

carbohydrates

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26
Q

what do chloroplasts do for plants?

A

they use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make carbohydrates and oxygen

27
Q

which biomolecule do chloroplasts make?

A

carbohydrates

28
Q

when carbon and Hydrogen bonds are broken, what does that create?

A

energy

29
Q

what is a Monomer?

A

a single unit

30
Q

what is a polymer?

A

many small units combined to make a full macromolecule

31
Q

what is the difference between sugar and a carbohydrate?

A

a sugar is a monosaccharide, or a single unit of a carbohydrate. “carbohydrate” refers to all types of monosaccharides AND polysaccharides.

32
Q

name all four biomolecules and a food we find each in.

A

carbs - bread
lipids - olive oil
protein - beef
nucleic acids - every food

33
Q

name all four monomers of each biomolecule.

A

carbs - monosaccharides
lipids - fatty acids and glycerol
proteins - amino acids
nucleic acids - nucleotides

34
Q

what can you find in plant cells, but not animals?

A

chloroplasts and cell walls

35
Q

tell where the water goes for each type of solution

A

hypotonic - water goes into the cell
hypertonic - water leaves the cell
isotonic - water goes both ways

36
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

37
Q

passive transport

A

does not require energy

38
Q

diffusion

A

movement of solute particles from high concentration to low concentration

39
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the same as diffusion except it needs to go through a protein channel. PASSES CELL MEMBRANE

40
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration

41
Q

what are the different organelles inside of a eukaryotic cell? what are their functions?

A

nucleus - houses DNA
mitochondria - makes energy
lysosome - breaks down materials
chloroplast - ONLY in plants, does photosynthesis
cell membrane - controls what comes in and out of the cell

42
Q

what types of organisms have prokaryotic cells and which have eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic - bacteria
eukaryotic - plants and animals

43
Q

describe the structures in a cell membrane.

A

phospholipid bilayer - two layers of phospholipids with the heads pointing out and the tails pointing in

protein channels - allow for facilitated diffusion

pumps - used in active transport

44
Q

what are the three types of passive transport?

A

diffusion - moving solute molecules from high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion - moving molecules through protein channels (high to low)

osmosis - moving WATER from high to low concentration

45
Q

what are the three types of active transport?

A

exocytosis - using energy to move large molecules out of the cell

endocytosis - using energy to move large molecules into the cell

pumps - moving solute molecules from low to high concentration

46
Q

what process takes energy from sunlight and uses it to create glucose?

A

photosynthesis

47
Q

what are the products of photosynthesis?

A

glucose and oxygen

48
Q

this molecule provides the hydrogens to make glucose; and is brought in through the soil

A

water

49
Q

this molecule provides the carbons to make glucose and is brought in through the atmosphere

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

50
Q

an energy molecule directly used by cells is?

A

ATP

51
Q

the process of converting sugar energy into ATP is known as

A

cellular respiration

52
Q

these are the reactants needed to complete cellular respiration

A

glucose and oxygen

53
Q

cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is present

A

aerobic Respiration

54
Q

cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is absent

A

anaerobic respiration and fermentation

55
Q

what is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? (ATP)

A

the amount of ATP that can be produced without oxygen is less than the amount produced with oxygen

56
Q

how much ATP is made during AEROBIC cellular respiration

A

38 ATP

57
Q

how much ATP is made during ANAEROBIC cellular respiration

A

2 ATP

58
Q

relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

A

-the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis
-the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration
-cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes of each other

59
Q

why would no cellular respiration be occurring at 100°C?

A

yeast cells may have been killed off by the high temperatures

60
Q

what color is the pigment chlorophyll

A

green (plants)

61
Q

ATP generated in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the ETC

A

glycolysis makes 2 ATP
krebs cycle makes 2 ATP
ETC makes 34 ATP

62
Q

what are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

A

reactants: glucose, 2 ATP, ADP+P, NAD+
products: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, NADH

63
Q

what are the reactants and products of the krebs cycle?

A

reactants: pyruvate, NAD+, FAD, ADP+P
products: NADH, FADH2, CO2, 2 ATP

64
Q

what are the reactants and products of the ETC?

A

reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP+P
products: NAD+, FAD, H2O, 34 ATP

65
Q

why do cells use fermentation? how much ATP is made?

A

when oxygen and/or mitochondria are not present. 2 ATP.

CP biology (3 decks)

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