semester 1 Flashcards
what is ecology
study of organisms and their interactions with one another as well as their environment
what are the 7 characteristics of life
homeostasis
growth
cells (organization)
metabolism
adaptation/evolution
reproduction
response to stimuli
biotic factor
living or formerly living
abiotic factor
nonliving
6 levels of organization that organisms have
individual
population
community
ecosystem
biome
biosphere
3 types of symbiotic relationships
mutualism ++
commensalism +0
parasitism +-
invasive species
non-native species that outcompetes native species for resources and poses a threat to the stability of the ecosystem
organism’s niche
the role that something has in an ecosystem, as well as where it lives
autotroph
make their own energy
heterotroph
eat other organisms for their energy
trophic levels
primary producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
tertiary consumers
why are decomposers necessary
they break down organic matter back into the soil
what is the 10% rule?
only 10% of the energy is passed from organism to organism when one eats another
which trophic level contains the most energy?
producers. They still have 100% of the energy that they create from photosynthesis.
logistic growth
exponential increase followed by a leveling off as population reaches carrying capacity
predator-prey or boom-bust
continued cycles of growth and decline, with the predator population “following” the prey.
exponential growth
rapid, uncontrolled growth towards infinity
where is the carrying capacity located on a logistic/ carrying capacity graph
the point where the population levels off as a result of exceeding the available resources in the environment
what is emigration?
emigration is leaving an area
what is immigration?
immigration is going into a new area.
k selected species
k-selection means that a population is existing close to carrying capacity (K). they are having a small amount of offspring but are dedicating more effort and resources towards keeping each one alive. these are usually larger animals like elephants (or humans!).
r selected species
r-selection means that a population is relying on birth rate to outweigh death rate. they are having a large amount of offspring, banking on the fact that many of them will not survive, but the ones that do survive will keep the population alive. these are usually smaller organisms like rats.
three types of population survival types
type I: long average survivability, but steep spike in mortality rate once you reach old age. example: humans
type II: constant mortality rate across lifespan, with equal chances of survival at each stage.
example: birds
type III: low average survival rate, with most dying within the beginning stage of life. The few that survive, though, will live a long time.
example: trees
what are the four biomolecules?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
what do mitochondria do for the body?
they use carbohydrates to make ATP. ENERGY
which biomolecule do mitochondria break down in our body?
carbohydrates
what do chloroplasts do for plants?
they use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make carbohydrates and oxygen
which biomolecule do chloroplasts make?
carbohydrates
when carbon and Hydrogen bonds are broken, what does that create?
energy
what is a Monomer?
a single unit
what is a polymer?
many small units combined to make a full macromolecule
what is the difference between sugar and a carbohydrate?
a sugar is a monosaccharide, or a single unit of a carbohydrate. “carbohydrate” refers to all types of monosaccharides AND polysaccharides.
name all four biomolecules and a food we find each in.
carbs - bread
lipids - olive oil
protein - beef
nucleic acids - every food
name all four monomers of each biomolecule.
carbs - monosaccharides
lipids - fatty acids and glycerol
proteins - amino acids
nucleic acids - nucleotides
what can you find in plant cells, but not animals?
chloroplasts and cell walls
tell where the water goes for each type of solution
hypotonic - water goes into the cell
hypertonic - water leaves the cell
isotonic - water goes both ways
active transport
requires energy
passive transport
does not require energy
diffusion
movement of solute particles from high concentration to low concentration
facilitated diffusion
the same as diffusion except it needs to go through a protein channel. PASSES CELL MEMBRANE
osmosis
movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration
what are the different organelles inside of a eukaryotic cell? what are their functions?
nucleus - houses DNA
mitochondria - makes energy
lysosome - breaks down materials
chloroplast - ONLY in plants, does photosynthesis
cell membrane - controls what comes in and out of the cell
what types of organisms have prokaryotic cells and which have eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic - bacteria
eukaryotic - plants and animals
describe the structures in a cell membrane.
phospholipid bilayer - two layers of phospholipids with the heads pointing out and the tails pointing in
protein channels - allow for facilitated diffusion
pumps - used in active transport
what are the three types of passive transport?
diffusion - moving solute molecules from high to low concentration
facilitated diffusion - moving molecules through protein channels (high to low)
osmosis - moving WATER from high to low concentration
what are the three types of active transport?
exocytosis - using energy to move large molecules out of the cell
endocytosis - using energy to move large molecules into the cell
pumps - moving solute molecules from low to high concentration
what process takes energy from sunlight and uses it to create glucose?
photosynthesis
what are the products of photosynthesis?
glucose and oxygen
this molecule provides the hydrogens to make glucose; and is brought in through the soil
water
this molecule provides the carbons to make glucose and is brought in through the atmosphere
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
an energy molecule directly used by cells is?
ATP
the process of converting sugar energy into ATP is known as
cellular respiration
these are the reactants needed to complete cellular respiration
glucose and oxygen
cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is present
aerobic Respiration
cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is absent
anaerobic respiration and fermentation
what is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? (ATP)
the amount of ATP that can be produced without oxygen is less than the amount produced with oxygen
how much ATP is made during AEROBIC cellular respiration
38 ATP
how much ATP is made during ANAEROBIC cellular respiration
2 ATP
relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis
-the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis
-the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration
-cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes of each other
why would no cellular respiration be occurring at 100°C?
yeast cells may have been killed off by the high temperatures
what color is the pigment chlorophyll
green (plants)
ATP generated in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the ETC
glycolysis makes 2 ATP
krebs cycle makes 2 ATP
ETC makes 34 ATP
what are the reactants and products of glycolysis?
reactants: glucose, 2 ATP, ADP+P, NAD+
products: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, NADH
what are the reactants and products of the krebs cycle?
reactants: pyruvate, NAD+, FAD, ADP+P
products: NADH, FADH2, CO2, 2 ATP
what are the reactants and products of the ETC?
reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP+P
products: NAD+, FAD, H2O, 34 ATP
why do cells use fermentation? how much ATP is made?
when oxygen and/or mitochondria are not present. 2 ATP.
