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Other Body Fluids > Semen Analysis > Flashcards

Semen Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four fractions semen is composed of contributed by the testes?

A
  • Epidiymis
  • Seminal vesicles
  • prostate,
  • bulbourethral glands.
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2
Q

The testes contain the semniferous tubles which are responsible for?

A

Spermatogenesis

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3
Q

The epididymis is responsible for?

A

Sperm maturation

sperm develop flagella

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4
Q

What does the Ductas (vas) Deferens do?

A

Propel sperm to ejaculatory ducts

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5
Q

What happens at the ejaculatory ducts?

A

Recieve sperm from ductus deferens and fluid from seminal vesicles.

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6
Q

What do the seminal vesicles do?

A

Provide nutrients for sperm and fluid

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7
Q

What is the prostate gland’s job?

A

Provide enzymes and proteins for coagulation and liquefaction.

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8
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands do?

A

Add alkaline mucus to neutralize prostate and vaginal acidity.

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9
Q

What perentage of seminal fluid is from the seminal vesicles?

A

60 - 70% (majority of fluid)

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10
Q

What percentage of seminal fluid is acidic?

A

20 - 30% from the prostate gland

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11
Q

What gland contributes 5% of the seminal fluid volume in the form of a thick alkaline mucous?

A

Bulbourethral glands

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12
Q

For colletion of semen sample, how long should a patient abstain from sex?

A

2 - 3 days, no longer than 5 days

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13
Q

How does prolonged sexual abstinence affect sperm?

A

Higher volumes with decreased motitlity.

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14
Q

How often are samples tested when doing fertility testing?

What is considered significant?

A
  • 2 week intervals
  • 2 abnormal samples is considered significant
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15
Q

A semin sample for fertility testing is kept at what temperature?

A

Room temp

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16
Q

A clotted specimen takes how long to liquefy?

A

30 - 60 minutes

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17
Q

Normal semen appearance?

A

greyish, translucent, musty odor

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18
Q

Increased white turbidity in semem is due to?

A

WBCs and infection

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19
Q

red coloration in semen is associated with?

A

RBCs and is abnormal

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20
Q

What causes yellow coloration in semen?

A

Urine contamination, medications and prolonged abstinence

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21
Q

T/F: Urine is toxic to sperm and affects evaulation of motility?

A

T

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22
Q

If after 2 hours a specimen has not liquefied, what is added to allow rest of analysis to be done?

A

Proteolytic enzymes ( such as alpha-chymotrypsin)

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23
Q

Failure of semen to liquefy may be caused by?

A

Defiecieny in prostatic enzymes

24
Q

Normal semen volume range?

When is increased volume seen?

Decreased volume is associated with?

What must also be considered for the above?

A
  • 2 - 5 mL
  • extended abstinence
  • infertility and improper function of semen producing organs, primarily the seminal vasicles
    • incomplete specimen collection
25
Q

Incompletely liquified specimens can be decribed as clumped and a consistency that is?

Droplets that are with threads_____?

A
  • Highly viscous
  • threads >2 cm are highly viscous
26
Q

What is the normal pH of semen?

Increased pH is indicative of?

Decreased pH is associated with?

A
  • Alkaline range 7.2 - 8.0
  • infection
  • increased prostatic fluid
27
Q

Sperm concentrations greater than what are considered normal?

A

> 20 million per mL

28
Q

What dilution is used for sperm count in a Neubauer chamber?

Why is dilution essential?

What stain helps visualization?

A
  • 1:20
  • immobilzes sperm
  • crystal violet
29
Q

What # of leukocytes is inducative of infection / inflammation during a sperm count?

A

> 1 million per mL

30
Q

The prescence of more than 1 million spermatids per mL in a sperm count is indicative of?

A

Disruption of spermatogenesis

31
Q

What is critical for sperm motility?

A

forward progressive movement

32
Q

Assessment of sperm motility should be performoed when on what sample?

A

well mixed, liquified w/i 1 hour

33
Q

Motility evaluates?

A

Speed and direction

34
Q

What is considered normal motility?

A

minimum 50% motility with a rating of 2 after 1 hour

35
Q

Sperm morphology evauates what structures?

A
  1. Head
  2. neck piece
  3. midpiece
  4. tail
36
Q

Abnormalities of head morphology are associated with?

A

Poor ovum penentration

37
Q

Neckpiece, midpiece and tail abnormalities affect?

A

Motility

38
Q

Normal sperm morphology? (2)

A
  • oval head 5 um long and 3 um wide
  • long tail 45 um long
39
Q
  • What is the acrosomal cap?
A

enezyme containing piece covering half the tip of head and 2/3 of the sperm nucleus.

40
Q

The neckpiece attaches?

A

midpiece to tail

41
Q

What part of the sperm tail is thickest and why and what does it do?

A

midpiece becuase it is surrounded by a mitochondrial sheath, which produces energy for motility.

42
Q

Sperm morphology is evaulated under?

A

oil immersion

43
Q

Sperm cell staining can be performed using?

How long are air dried slides stable

A
  • Wright’s
  • Geisma
  • Papancolaou stain
  • 24 hrs
44
Q

How many sperm are evauated for sperm morphology?

A

200 and percentage abnormal reported

45
Q

Routine abnormalities in head structure?

A
  • double heads
  • giant / amorphous heads
  • pin heads
  • tapered heads
  • constructed heads
46
Q

Sperm tail abnormalities?

A
  • Double tail
  • coiled tail
  • bent tail
47
Q

Normal values depend on criteria used, what are the values?

A
  • 30% w/ routine criteria
  • 14% w/ strict criteria
48
Q

Additional parameters included in sperm morphology are called?

A

Kruger’s strict criteria

49
Q

Sperm viability is tested with?

How many cells are counted

What color are dead and alive cells?

Normal viability requires

A
  • eosin-nigrosin stain
  • # dead cells in 100 sperm

Living = blue

Dead = red

75% living cells

50
Q

Seminal fructose is tested by wnag what color is produced when it is present?

what is normal fructose?

Why are fructose specimens tested wi/ 2 hours?

A
  • Resorcinol test
  • orange
  • >30 umol
  • Prevent fructolysis
51
Q

What are two frequent tests for antibody coated sperm?

A
  • mixed agglutination reation (MAR)
  • immunobead test
52
Q

What does MAR detect?

What is considered normal?

A
  • IgG
  • <10% motile sperm attached to particicles
53
Q

Which test is more specific that can detect IgG and IgA and demonstates what are of the sperm the antibodies are affecting?

What is considered normal?

A
  • Immunobead test
  • bead presence <20% on sperm
54
Q

deacreased neutral a-glucosidase suggests?

A

disorder of the epididymis

55
Q

Post vasectomy specimens are rountine tested at what intervals starting when?

What examination is used?

A
  • 2 months post op until 2 consecutive specimens show no sperm.

Wet prep

56
Q

Sperm Function - most common specialised tests? (4)

A
  • hamster egg penetration assay
  • cervicle mucus penetration
  • hypoosmotic swelling test
  • in vitro acrosome reaction

Other Body Fluids (6 decks)

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