Semantics, phonology and cohesion Flashcards
What is a lexical field?
A group of words associated with the same meaning- for example computer- software, mouse, cursor, keyboard
What are connotations?
The associations a word has- what emotions and attitudes are aroused by the word
What are hyponyms and hypernyms?
Hyponyms are words that are associated with a particular hypernym. For example the hyponyms red, yellow and green go with the hypernym colours
What are synonyms?
Words with a similar meaning
What are antonyms?
Words with opposite meanings
What is antithesis?
The deliberate contrasting of Opposites
What are other examples of things to look out for?
Dead and extended metaphors, similes, idioms (expressions that cannot be understood by simply their lexis- face the music), collocations (words that are often found next to each other- spick and span), oxymorons
What is phonology?
The study of sounds
What are prosodic features?
Non-verbal aspects of speech such as tone, intonation and stress
Where are polysyllabic words more commonly used?
Normally in more complex or formal texts
What are some other aspects of phonology?
Onomatopoeia
Alliteration
Rhyme
Assonance
Who identified types of cohesion?
Halliday and Hasan
What are the two types of cohesion?
- Grammatical cohesion- reference, identification, ellipses and conjunction
- Lexical cohesion- repetition and collocation
What is reference? (cohesion)
References to something that has already been said (to avoid repetition), often using third person pronouns- e.g my dad works with computers. HE often works at home.
What is identification? (cohesion)
The use of determiners to indicate a noun that has already been mentioned. E.g the, this, that- ‘a big colourful ship appeared. He pointed THE ship out to them.
What are ellipses? (cohesion)
When elements are omitted from a sentence, ellipses become a cohesive device as they close the gap. E.g he wasn’t quite… With it.
What is a conjunction? (cohesion)
Using conjunctions (also known as connectives) to connect two sentences or phrases in a cohesive manner. E.g it was raining BUT she went out anyway
What is repetition? (lexical cohesion)
Repeating a word in order to link it back to a previous sentence. ‘I have good NEWS. I know it’s NEWS that you have been wanting to hear.’ also the repetition of synonyms. ‘he RAPIDLY hid the letter. He had to do it QUICKLY’.
What is collocation? (lexical cohesion)
Refers to words appearing together. It is cohesive because involves the use of words that, because of their meaning, are already linked in the readers mind. For example ‘the director of Cats was really good. The actors were good also’.
