Semantics

Question 1

semantics

Answer 1

study of linguistic meaning

Question 2

lexical semantics

Answer 2

meanings of morphemes and words

Question 3

compositional semantics

Answer 3

meanings of phrases and sentences

Question 4

truth conditions

Answer 4

included in a speaker’s knowledge of sentence meaning

Question 5

entails

Answer 5

a condition where the truth value of one sentence can be implied from the truth value of another. When the original sentence is negated, the entailment does not remain

Question 6

paraphrases

Answer 6

sentence that are both true or both false in the same situations

Question 7

contradictory

Answer 7

sentences where one is always true/false when the other is false/true

Question 8

tautology

Answer 8

sentence that is always true regardless of the circumstance

Question 9

contradictions

Answer 9

sentences that are always false regardless of the situation

Question 10

paradox

Answer 10

contradictory, but can nevertheless be true

Question 11

Anomaly

Answer 11

When the meaning of a sentence cannot be determined from the meaning of its parts

Question 12

metaphors

Answer 12

sentences that appear anomalous but to which a deeper meaning can be attached

Question 13

idioms

Answer 13

whole phrases whose meaning is not compositional but learned as a unit

Question 14

reference

Answer 14

meaning of a word as the associated objects the word refers to

Question 15

sense

Answer 15

additional meaning outside the reference

Question 16

negative polarity items

Answer 16

words that have a semantic feature of negation implied

John doubts that Mary gives a hoot. BUT *John thinks that Mary gives a hoot.

Question 17

Semantic Rule #1

Answer 17

If the meaning of NP is a member of VP, then the sentence is TRUE: otherwise it is FALSE

Question 18

Semantic Rule #2

Answer 18

the meaning of V NP, is the set of individuals X such that X is the first member f any pair in the meaning of V whose second member is the meaning of NP

Question 19

maxims of conversation

Answer 19

Quality(truth), quantity(information), Relation(relevance), Manner(clarity)

Question 20

implicature

Answer 20

meaning that is implied from the context

Question 21

presuppositions

Answer 21

contextual information that is implied by the utterance

Question 22

performative verbs

Answer 22

verbs that, when used in the first person, accomplish an additional function besides the completion of an utterance (dare, warn, bet). In different contexts they have different illocutionary force.