Semantics

Question 1

semantics

Answer 1

the study of the meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences

Question 2

pragmatics

Answer 2

the study of “speaker meaning” – the meaning of language in its context of use

Question 3

metonymy

Answer 3

a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something

Question 4

synecdoche

Answer 4

a figure of speech by which a more inclusive term is used for a less inclusive one, or vice versa

Question 5

syntagmatic

Answer 5

the way lexemes are related in sentences

Question 6

paradigmatic

Answer 6

the way words can substitute for each other in the same sentence context

Question 7

synonymy

Answer 7

sameness of meaning

Question 8

hyponymy

Answer 8

inclusion of meaning

Question 9

antonymy

Answer 9

oppositeness of meaning

Question 10

incompatibility

Answer 10

mutual exclusiveness within the same superordinate category

Question 11

metaphor

Answer 11

a figure of speech in which a term is transferred from the object it ordinarily designates to an object it may designate only by implicit comparison or analogy

Question 12

reference/extension

Answer 12

what it corresponds to in the world

Question 13

sense/intension

Answer 13

what we know about its meaning, whether or not we know anything about its extension, and indeed whether or not it has an extension

Question 14

possible worlds semantics

Answer 14

generalize “extensional” accounts of meaning

Question 15

prototype

Answer 15

a typical member of the extension of a referring expression is a prototype of that expression.

Question 16

stereotype

Answer 16

a list of characteristics describing a prototype

Question 17

conference

Answer 17

two linguistic expressions that refer to the same real-world entity

Question 18

anaphora

Answer 18

a linguistic expression that refers to another linguistic expression

Question 19

deixis

Answer 19

as one meaning but can refer to different entities depending on
the speaker and his or her spatial and temporal orientation

Question 20

homophony

Answer 20

when two or more differently written forms have the same pronunciation but different meaning

Question 21

homography

Answer 21

when two or more forms are the same only in writing but different in pronunciation and meaning

Question 22

homonymy

Answer 22

when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings, but have the same
pronunciation and spelling

Question 23

polysemy

Answer 23

one form (written or spoken) having multiple meanings which are all related by
extension

Question 24

metonymy

Answer 24

based on a close connection in everyday experience

Question 25

collocation

Answer 25

words which tend to occur with other words

Question 26

analytic sentences

Answer 26

one that is necessarily true simply by virtue of the words in it

Question 27

contradictory sentences

Answer 27

while analytic sentences are necessarily true as a result of the words in them, contradictory sentences are necessarily false for the same reason

Question 28

synthetic sentences

Answer 28

not true or false because of the words that comprise them, but rather because they do or do not accurately describe some state of affairs in the world

Question 29

entailment

Answer 29

a proposition (expressed in a sentence) that follows necessarily from another sentence

Question 30

presupposition

Answer 30

a proposition (expressed in a sentence) that must be assumed to be true in order to judge the truth or falsity of another sentence