Semantics Flashcards
Semantics
the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.
Pragmatic
the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.
Coreference
Two linguistic expressions that refer to the same real-world entity are said to be coreferential.
Compositional semantics
The meaning of a phrase is determined by combining the meanings of its sub phrases, using rules which are driven by the syntactic structure.
Lexical semantics
the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.
Semantic Features
theoretical units of meaning-holding components which are used for representing word meaning.
Semantic Roles
the underlying relationship that a participant has with the main verb in a clause.
Lexical Relations
one of the most important semantic relations in exploring the meanings of words in the English language.
Stereotype
A list of characteristics describing a prototype
Referent
The entity identified by the use of a referring expression such as a noun or noun phrase is the referent of that expression.
Thematic roles
a term to express the role that a noun phrase plays with respect to the action or state described by a governing verb
Principle of compositionality
the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them.
Antonyms
2 forms with opposite meaning
Gradable
are word pairs whose meanings are opposite and which lie on a continuous spectrum (hot, cold).
Non-gradable
one that cannot be used in the comparative or superlative, or that cannot be qualified by words such as ‘very’ or ‘quite’.
Hyponymy
is a semantic relation between a hyponym denoting a subtype and a hypernym or hypernym denoting a supertype.
Prototype
It explains the meaning of certain words like bird not in terms of component feature (e.g. „has wings‟) but in terms of resemblance to the clearest example
Homophony
the linguistic phenomenon whereby words of different origins become identical in pronunciation.
Homography
is an isomorphism of projective spaces, induced by an isomorphism of the vector spaces from which the projective spaces derive.
Polysemy
the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase.
Metonymy
is “a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something.”
Collocation
the habitual juxtaposition of a particular word with another word or words with a frequency greater than chance.
Analytic sentence
analytic sentence is one which is necessarily true, because of the senses of the words in it.
Contradictory sentence
one that says two things that cannot both be true.
Synecdoche
“a figure of speech by which a more inclusive term is used for a less inclusive one, or vice versa.”
Connotation
an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.
Denotation
the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.
Syntagmatic
of or denoting the relationship between two or more linguistic units used sequentially to make well-formed structures.
Reference or extension
what it corresponds to in the world
Sense or intention
what we know about its meaning, whether or not we know anything about its extension, and indeed whether or not it has an extension.
