Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Morphology > Semantics > Flashcards

Semantics Flashcards

1
Q

verifies the logical connectivity among the given premises and the conclusion. It does not focus on the truthfulness of the premises and the conclusion; verifies the logical connectivity between the premises and the conclusion without focusing on their truthfulness

A

Logical condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

verifies the actual truth or falsity of the given premise and the conclusion; verifies the actual truth or falsity of the given premises and the conclusion

A

Truth condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

 Any true inference from a true preposition.
 Logical relationship between two propositions such that the truth of the first proposition p guarantees the truth of the second preposition q also The falsity of q, guarantees the falsity of p

A

Entailment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is a semantic relationship between two propositions such that if and only if p is true then q is true too.

A

Entailment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

It occurs when words have more than one meaning as commonly defined and understood. In simple words, keywords in the sentence may be read to mean different things.

A

Lexical Ambiguity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

– It is a grammatical construct that results from difficulty of applying universal grammatical laws to sentence structure. To simply put, words are arranged in ways that produce different meanings

A

Syntactical Ambiguity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

It is a composite ambiguity containing elements of both lexical and syntactical ambiguity. It occurs when words or phrases are used multiple times in a sentence but with different meanings each time it is used.

A

Inflective Ambiguity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mutual entailment of two propositions which can logically be expressed by a conjunction. P entails q and q entails p.

A

Synonym

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If one proposition asserts the opposite of another in terms of entailment, p entails not q.

A

Contradiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A standard entailment; a relationship between two propositions. P could entail q but q does not entail p. This entailment involves propositions that are in a hyponymy relationship. This hyponymy could include hierarchies such as color hierarchies.

A

inclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If the meaning of NP is a member of the meaning of VP, then S is TRUE, otherwise, it is FALSE
Example: Jack swims

A

Semantic rule 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The meaning of [VP V NP] is the set of individuals X such that X is the first member of any pair in the meaning of V whose second member is the meaning of NP
Example: Jack kissed Laura

A

Semantic rule 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

refers to speaker’s feeling towards ongoing context

Example: You’re ridiculous!

A

Affective meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

common grouping of words that appear together frequently and convey meaning through association
Example: Emma is pretty – pretty is often used for women

A

Collocative meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

to give a semantic representation of a statement that is suitable.
Example: Johnny is a child – meaning Johnny is literally a kid

A

Conceptual meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when a term has a multiple meanings depending on the audience
Example: Johnny is a child – might mean Johnny is an adult who acts like a child.

A

Connotative meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a single word is associated with several senses or meanings

Example: “gay” could mean happy or gay as in men who like men

A

reflective meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

meaning of words based on societal factors

Example: in Europe, they call coke as pop and soda in australia

A

Social meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how speaker conveys the message to the audience through word choice, word order, and emphasis

A

Thematic meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a word or phrase with two or more meaning that can be misunderstood

A

Equivocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

words that gain meaning by comparison

A

relative language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

– a general or vague language that represents ideas or concepts that have no physical references

A

Abstraction language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a mistaken assumption that people or things are unchanging and consistent

A

Static evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

abnormality profile of the linguistic items in terms of combination and interaction of elements of language in different context that may create ambiguity and connotative meaning.
Example: my toothbrush is pregnant

A

Anomaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

– directly refers to one thing by mentioning another.

Example: Laughter is the best medicine

A

Types of metaphor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

one that compares two unlike things using the basic construction X is Y. ( All the world’s a stage )

A

Standard metaphor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

– compares two things that are not alike without actually mentioning one of those things. ( a woman barked a warning at her child – comparing a woman to a dog without mentioning a dog )

A

implied metaphor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Often seen within advertisements ( a hydroflask advertisement shows a plastic water bottle image implying that their product is the same )

A

Visual metaphor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

an author’s use of a single metaphor or analogy at length through multiple linked tenors ( the flames of the fire shot up faster that a trio of lightning bolts – meaning a fire broke out ).

A

Extended metaphor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

phrase that was once a lively figure of speech but no longer carries its original meaning (aftermath meant after the mowing before)

A

Dead metaphor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

linking of two or more disparate element which can result in an unintentionally comic effect. ( If we want to get ahead we’ll have to iron out the remaining bottlenecks

A

Mixed metaphor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

unique collection of a language’s sayings and phrases

Example: You can’t judge a book by its cover

A

Idioms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

idioms whose original meaning is lost to the extent that there is no possible way to analyze phrase logically
Example: It’s raining cats and dogs (It’s raining heavily)

A

Pure Idioms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

involve two parts that work together in contrast

Example: night and day, black and white

A

Binomia;l Idioms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

partial idiom containing a literal and non-literal part

Example: Storm brewing in his eyes

A

partial idiom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

idioms that contain prepositional verbs plus an adverb or a preposition to create non-literal meaning.
Example: Put up with

A

Prepositional idioms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

idioms that provide universal truths or sage advice

Example: An apple a day keeps the doctor away

A

Proverbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

– used to soften a message that might otherwise be too harsh or politically incorrect
Example: Big-boned (fat), Correctional facility (prison)

A

Euphemisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

term that has been so overused that it is considered intellectually lazy, not funny, unoriginal, or stereotyping when used.
Example: Don’t judge a book by its cover

A

cliches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

is defined as its relations to other expressions in the language system. Thus, there are words that have a sense, but no referents in the real word.
Example:
Every house has got a main bedroom
The president of the United States

A

sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q 
is the relation between the linguistic expression and the entity in the real word to which it refers. 
Example:
He is my brother
Tom is in the class 
The bird is beautiful
A

reference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Ogden and Richards) – things mean what they stand for (the cat is in a mat)

A

referential Theory of Meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

John Locke) – meaning attached to the words can be separated from the word themselves. (grass = warm weather)

A

Ideational theory of meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

B.F. Skinner) – The meaning of an expression, as uttered, is either (1) the behavioral stimulus, (2) the behavioral response, or (3) a combination of both. (the meaning of FIRE! Could vary depending on the situation)

A

Behavioristic theory of meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

describes the meanings of words and sentence in a particular symbol system

A

Semantic theory of word meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

attempts to define the fact that cause natural language utterances to have semantic qualities.

a. Mentalist Theories
b. The Gricean Program
c. Meaning, Belief Convention

A

Foundational theory of word meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

 Relations between item in the lexicon

A

lexical relations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

a list of the words in a language along with salient information about each lexical item, also called a lexeme.

A

lexicon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

– the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings, a word or phrase with multiple meanings.

A

polysemy

50
Q

the first meaning is the primary meaning and the latter meanings are called derived meaning. (the front of the head; primary meaning, the surface of a thing; derived meaning)

A

diachronic approach

51
Q

coexistence of several meaning of the same word in a particular period of time (gay: homosexual – central meaning & happy – secondary meaning)

A

synchronic approach

52
Q

two or more words having the same spelling but have different meanings

A

homonymy

53
Q

words having the same meaning and spelling but different meaning (lie: means untrue lie: means to lie down to rest)

A

perfect homonyms

54
Q

words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning (bow: bow down bow: device used for shooting arrows)

A

homographs

55
Q

words identical only in sound but different in spelling in meaning. (son-sun right-write)

A

Homophones

56
Q

have the same spelling but different pronunciation and meaning

A

homography

57
Q

words that have opposing meanings

A

antonymy

58
Q

words having different sound but has the same meaning

A

synonymy

59
Q

denotes a constituent part or a member of something (finger, hand)

A

meronymy

60
Q

defines the relationship between a term denoting the whole and a term denoting a part of the whole (tree is a holonym of bark, trunk, and limb), the opposite of meronymy

A

holonymy

61
Q

– inclusion between a hyponym and a hypernym or superordinate (red is a color: red is a hyponym and color is a hypernym)

A

hyponymy

62
Q

the member or a set of members of a category that best represents the category as a whole (sparrow is a good example of birds, penguins are not)

A

prototype

63
Q

new name given for an object or concept to differentiate the original version of it to a more recent version (pen pal-friend irl landline-phone)

A

retronymy

64
Q

the study of individual words and their relationships to each other. Binary feature (+,-) are used to signify word meaning.

A

lexical semantics

65
Q

smallest units of meaning in a word

A

semantic features

66
Q

the meaning that dictionaries are designed to describe

A

conceptual meaning

67
Q

connection that specific word brings to use (illness, pain)

A

associative meaning

68
Q

used to refer to the lexical representation of argument-taking lexical items

A

argument structure

69
Q

any expression that serves to complete the meaning of a verb. Participants in an event or situation.
Ex: (John) kicked (the ball)
John and the ball are the subject and object (semantic participants) of the verb kicked.

A

argument

70
Q

expresses something about the participants, usually actions (kick from example above)
Ex: (John) kicked (the ball)
John and the ball are the subject and object (semantic participants) of the verb kicked.

A

predicate

71
Q

θ-theory) – each argument receives a semantic role or incorporates a set of participant roles called theta roles.

A

Theta theory

72
Q

any small class of words used as substitutes for nouns.

A

pronoun

73
Q

– short word used as substitute for a person’s proper name.

A

personal pronoun

74
Q

used to point to something specific (THOSE students)

A

demonstrative pronoun

75
Q

used to ask questions (I wonder WHO will reach the top?)

A

Interrogative pronouns

76
Q

a term that exposes and connects a relying clause (who, whom, what, which, and that) to an independent clause to answer specific questions. (The person who phoned me last night was my love of my life).

A

relative pronouns

77
Q

does not specify to whom or what it refers. (Someone ate the last slice of pizza)

A

Indefinite pronouns

78
Q

– accompanied by the adverb, adjective, pronoun or a noun to which it refers, as long as that antecedent is within the same clause (You’re going to have to drive yourself today)

A

Reflexive pronouns

79
Q

used to emphasize the sentence’s subject or antecedent (I myself will lead the community.

A

Intensive pronouns

80
Q

– can be explored from three aspects: deictic, co-text, and collocation

A

Linguistic context

81
Q

a word or a phrase (this, that, those, now, yesterday, then, here) that refers to the time, place, or a situation in which the speaker is speaking

A

deictic

82
Q

– language that surrounds the item in question and tells us what it means (I wish that dog stops barking, the tree has silver bark)

A

co-text

83
Q

two or more words that are commonly used together (make tea, do homework)

A

collocation

84
Q

influences what is socially acceptable and how the message is received.

A

situational contexts

85
Q

– refers to what is happening, the nature of social action that is taking place

A

field

86
Q

refers to who is taking part, to their status and roles

A

tenor

87
Q

refers to the role the participants are expecting the language to do for them

A

mode

88
Q

determined by the context of the sentence utilized. It is something the speaker suggests with an utterance even though it is not precisely expressed.

A

Implicatures

89
Q

– indirect or implicit act that is meant by a speaker’s utterance that is not part of what is explicitly said.
Example:
A: Is that Scotch over there?
B: Help yourself

A

Conversational implicature

90
Q

– inferences which are worked out while drawing totally in the specific context of the utterance.
Example:
Leila: Has your boss gone crazy?
Mary: Let’s go get some coffee
Mary noticed that her boss was at the back of Leila, indicating that they must change the topic

A

particularized conversational implicature

91
Q

no special background knowledge of the context of utterance is required in order to make the necessary inferences.
Example:
A: Did you invite Bela and Cath?
B: I invited Bella

A

generalized conversational implicature

92
Q

given rise by the use of certain scales of value (all, most, few, some, not all, possible)

A

scalar implicatures

93
Q

can trigger generalized conversational implicatures concerning the possessor of the indefinite noun phrase.
Example:
“I walked into a house”
Implicature: The house was not my house.

A

Indefinite implicatures

94
Q

associated with specific words and result in additional conveyed meanings when those words are used.
Example:
“Even Ken knows it’s unethical”
Entails: Ken knows it’s unethical
Conventionally implicates: Ken was the least likely to know it was unethical

A

Convesntional implicatures

95
Q

when one tries to be as informative as one possibly can, not more not less.

A

maxim of quantity

96
Q

one tries to be truthful and does not give information that is false or that is not supported by evidence

A

maxim of quality

97
Q

requires the speaker and listener to be always relevant on the topic

A

maxim of relation

98
Q

requires speaker to avoid obscurities of expression and ambiguity, brief and orderly.

A

maxim of manner

99
Q

when speaker openly decides to violate the maxim expecting that the receiver will understand an implied message.

A

flouting

100
Q

occurs when speaker fails to observe the maxim, although she/he has no intention of generating an implicature (missing information that suggests meaning. Occurs because of nervousness, drunkenness, excitement, and disability.

A

Infringing

101
Q

happens when the person is indicating unwillingness to cooperate in the way the maxim requires.

A

opting out

102
Q

– no expectation on the part of any participant that one or several maxims should be observed

A

suspending

103
Q

an utterance that serves a function in communication.

A

speech acts

104
Q

the actual act of uttering (it is so dark in this room, the box is heavy) (by Austin)

A

locutionary

105
Q

performed via the communicative force of an utterance such a promising, apologizing, and offering (Yule, 1996). The act of doing something in saying something

A

illocutionary

106
Q

(Hufford and Heasley) – the act that is carried out by a speaker when making an utterance causes in certain effect on the hearer and the others.

A

perlocutionary

107
Q

speech acts that change the world via their utterance (Priest: I now pronounce you husband and wife)

A

declaration

108
Q

– what speaker believes to be the case or not (the earth is flat)

A

representatives

109
Q

what speaker feels (I’m so sorry)

A

expressive

110
Q

speech acts that speaker uses to get someone else to do something

A

directive

111
Q

speech acts that speaker uses to commit themselves to some future action (I’ll be back)

A

commissive

112
Q

a direct relationship between a structure and a function (Will you go to the prom with me? Declarative, statement)

A

Direct speech act

113
Q

an indirect relationship between a structure and a function (Do you really have to stand in front of the TV? Interrogative, command)

A

indirect speech

114
Q

a set of utterance produced in a social situation involving participants who necessarily have a social relationship and have particular goals.

A

speech event

115
Q

a relationship between sentences or statements that can be defined, a belief that a speaker assumes when making an assertion

A

Presupposition

116
Q

a lexical item that generates presuppositions

A

Presupposition trigger

117
Q

assumption of the existence of the entities named by the speaker (the cat. Presupposition: cat exists)

A

existential presupposition

118
Q

something is true due to the presence of some as “know”, “realize”, “be glad”, “be sorry”, “regret”, “aware”, “odd”, and etc. (kim is aware that she cheats. presupposition: she cheats)

A

factive presupposition

119
Q

speaker can act as if another meaning will be understood (he managed to escape presupposition: he tried to escape)

A

lexical presuppositions

120
Q

associated with the use of certain structures (where did she buy the balloons? Presupposition: she bought the balloons)

A

structural presupposition

121
Q

– referred to something that is not true (I pretended to be happy presupposition: I am not happy)

A

Non-factive presupposition

122
Q

what is presupposed is not only untrue but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts (if I weren’t sad I would be happy presupposition: I am sad)

A

counter factual presupposition

Morphology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions