Semantics Flashcards

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1
Q

Semantics

A

The study of linguistic meaning.

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2
Q

Lexical Semantics

A

A subfield of semantics that studies meanings of lexical expressions.

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3
Q

Compositional Semantics

A

A subfield of semantics that studies the meanings of phrasal expression and how those meanings arise given the meanings of the lexical expression they contain and how they are syntactically combined.

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4
Q

Sense

A

A mental representation of an expression’s meaning.

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5
Q

Reference

A

A component of linguistic meaning that relates the sense of some expression to entities in the outside world. The collection of all the referents of an expression.

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6
Q

Referents

A

An actual entity or an individual in the world to which some expression refers.

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7
Q

Mental Image Definition

A

A conception of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning.

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8
Q

Usage-Based Definition

A

A characterization of a word’s sense based on the way that the word is used by speakers of a language.

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9
Q

Hyphnymy

A

A meaning relationship between words where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is then said to be a hyponym of Y, and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of X.

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10
Q

Sister Terms

A

Words that, in terms of their reference, are at the same level in the hierarchy, i.e., have exactly the same hypernyms.

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11
Q

Antonymy

A

A meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite.

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12
Q

Complementary Antonyms

A

Pair of antonyms such that everything must be described by the first word, or neither; and such that saying of something that it is not a member of the set denoted by the first word implicated that it is in the set denoted by the second word.

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13
Q

Gradable Antonyms

A

Words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale.

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14
Q

Reverse

A

Antonyms in which one word in the pair suggests movement that “undoes” the movement suggested by the other.

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15
Q

Converses

A

Antonyms in which the first word of the pair suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word.

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16
Q

Proposition

A

The sense expressed by a sentence. Characteristically, propositions can be true or false, i.e., have truth stories.

17
Q

Truth Value

A

Either true or false. The reference of a sentence.

18
Q

Truth Conditions

A

The set of conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for the proposition expressed by some sentence to be true.

19
Q

Entailment

A

A relationship between propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another propositions q just in case if p is true, q has to be true as well.

20
Q

Mutual Entailment

A

The relationship between two propositions where they entail one another.

21
Q

Incompatible

A

The relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously.

22
Q

Principle of Compositionality

A

The notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined.

23
Q

Compositional

A

The meaning of a phrasal expression that is predictable from the meanings of smaller expressions it contains and how they are syntactically combined.

24
Q

Idiom

A

A multi-word lexical expression whose meaning is not compositional.

25
Q

Pure Intersection

A

The relationship between the reference of an adjective and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both the reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun.

26
Q

Intersective Adjectives

A

An adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies.

27
Q

Relative Intersection

A

Type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference.

28
Q

Subsective Adjectives

A

An adjective whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun it modifies refers to.

29
Q

Non-Intersection

A

An adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things.

30
Q

Anti-Intersection Adjective

A

An adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies.