Linguistics

Question 1

linguistic competence

Answer 1

It is a language system used in commenting, a linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of the language.

Question 2

linguistic performance

Answer 2

The way a language system is used in communication.

Question 3

performance errors

Answer 3

Errors made by learners when they are tired or hurried.

Question 4

speech communication chain

Answer 4

The connection(s) between a taker and a listener via an auditory, a visual and/or an electrical channel.

Question 5

speech communication chain steps

Answer 5

Steps 1-4: The idea of something to be communicated must be thought of, the information source.
Step 5: Transmitter
Step 6: Signal/speaker
Step 7: Perceive
Step 8: Decode
Step 9: Connect, listener received the communicated idea.

Question 6

noise

Answer 6

To describe a specific technical phenomenon or a loud harsh sound of any kind.

Question 7

lexicon

Answer 7

The complete set of meaningful units in a language.

Question 8

mental grammar

Answer 8

Mental representation of grammar. The knowledge that a speaker has about the linguistic units and rules of his native language.

Question 9

language variation

Answer 9

Refers to regional, social or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used.

Question 10

descriptive grammar

Answer 10

The lay out of the grammatical elements and rules of a language as it is actually used.

Question 11

4 reasons evidence shows that writing and language are not the same

Answer 11

Language

1. Uses tone groups, a tone group can only convey one idea.
2. Is designed to be listened to and to sound conversational.

Writing

1. Uses sentences, a sentence can contain several ideas.
2. Writing is more structured and focused.

Question 12

3 reasons people believe writing to be superior to speech

Answer 12

1. Writing can be edited.
2. Writing must be taught.
3. Writing is often more logical than speaking in its progression.

Question 13

prescriptive grammar

Answer 13

The traditional approach of grammar that tells people how to use the English language, what forms they should utilize, and what functions they should serve.

Question 14

prescribe

Answer 14

The establishment of rules defining preferred or correct usage of language.

Question 15

Charles Hockett’s nine design features

Answer 15

1. Mode of communication
2. Semanticity
3. Pragmatic function
4. Interchangeability
5. Cultural transmission
6. Arbitrariness
7. Discreteness
8. Displacement
9. Productivity

Question 16

mode of communication

Answer 16

Interpersonal communication involving conversational speaking and listening or signed exchanges.

Question 17

semanticity

Answer 17

Being able to convey meanings/the property of language that allows it to represent events, ideas, actions, and objects symbolically.

Question 18

pragmatic function

Answer 18

The useful purpose of any given communication system.

Question 19

interchangeability

Answer 19

The idea that people can give and receive identical linguistic signals.

Question 20

cultural transmission

Answer 20

The ability to pass knowledge on from one individual to another even across generations.

Question 21

arbitrariness

Answer 21

The absence of any natural or necessary connection between a word’s meaning and its sound or form.

Question 22

linguistic sign

Answer 22

The combination of a linguistic form and meaning.

Question 23

convention

Answer 23

A principle or norm that has been adopted by a person or linguistic community about how to use, and therefor what the meaning is of, a specific form.

Question 24

nonarbitrariness

Answer 24

Direct correspondence between the physical properties of a form and the meaning that the form refers to.

Question 25

iconic

Answer 25

The relationship of resemblance or similarity between the two aspects of a sign: its form and its meaning.

Question 26

onomatopoeia

Answer 26

The connection or symbolism of a sound that is interpreted and reproduced within the context of a language, usually out of mimicry of a sound.

Question 27

conventionalized

Answer 27

Something that is established, commonly agreed upon, or operating in a certain way according to common practice.

Question 28

sound symbolism

Answer 28

The idea that vocal sounds or phonemes carry meaning in and of themselves.

Question 29

discreteness

Answer 29

The property of communication systems by which complex messages may be built up out of smaller parts.

Question 30

displacement

Answer 30

The capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present.

Question 31

productivity

Answer 31

The capacity of a communication system for novel messages built out of discrete units to be produced and understood.

Question 32

modality

Answer 32

The means through which a message is transmitted for any given communication system.

Question 33

4 myths about signed languages

Answer 33

1. Sign language is universal.
2. The deaf can understand your spoken language by reading lips.
3. If you’re speaking to a deaf person, speak slowly so they can understand you.
4. A deaf person’s family and friends are qualified to interpret for them in a medical setting.

Question 34

4 differences between codes and languages

Answer 34

Codes

1. There are no vocabularies or alphabets, but special commands, abbreviations and ways of arranging text.
2. Morse code is used in telecommunication to encode texts characters of two different signal durations, dots and dashes.

Languages

1. A way of communicating between a community or country consisting of letters and sounds.
2. Language is also consists of phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, syntax and context. Along with grammar, semantics, pragmatics and all work together to create communication.