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science 2023 > sem 2 exam revision > Flashcards

sem 2 exam revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is force?

A

A force is an action exerted on an object to change it’s state of rest or motion

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2
Q

What is an unbalanced force?

A

When forces ARE NOT equal, causing a change in motion

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3
Q

What is a balanced force?

A

When forces ARE equal, causing no change in motion

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4
Q

What are free body diagrams?

A

A free body diagram is a simple sketch showing all the forces acting on an object

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5
Q

What is Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. An object in motion will continue at a constant speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

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6
Q

What is inertia?

A

Inertia is the tendency for an object to resist any change in motion

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7
Q

What is inertia’s relationship with mass?

A

The greater the mass, the greater the inertia

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8
Q

What is friction

A

Friction is a force that resists the motion of one object over another

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9
Q

What is air restistance?

A

A type of friction between air and another material

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10
Q

What is Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

F = m x a

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11
Q

What is acceleration’s relationship with mass?

A

Acceleration of an object decreases with increased mass

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12
Q

Kg measures…

A

Mass

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13
Q

Newtons measure…

A

Force

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14
Q

m/s/s measures…

A

Acceleration

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15
Q

1N is equal to…

A

The force required to give a mass of 1kg and an acceleration of 1m/s/s

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16
Q

The acceleration due to gravity is…

A

9.8m/s/s

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17
Q

What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion?

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction force

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18
Q

Name the forces acting on an aeroplane.

A

Lift (Force upwards), Weight (Force downwards), Drag (Force Right), Thrust (Force Left)

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19
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells)

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20
Q

How many daughter cells does the process of meiosis produce?

A

Meiosis produced 4 haploid daughter cells

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21
Q

Name the stages of meiosis

A

(IPMATPMAT)
Interphase, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

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22
Q

Describe interphase

A

Chromosomes prepare for cell division. They replicate but are NOT visible.

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23
Q

Describe prophase I

A

Chromosomes pair up and become visible.

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24
Q

Describe metaphase I

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell (M for middle)

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25
Q

Describe anaphase I

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart towards the centrioles (A for away)

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26
Q

Describe telophase I

A

The cell pinches in the center and divides.

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27
Q

Describe prophase II

A

2 diploid daughter cells are formed and visible

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28
Q

Describe metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator

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29
Q

Describe anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

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30
Q

Describe telophase II

A

Cell pinches in the center and divides. 4 haploid daughter cells are produced

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31
Q

What are homozygous alleles?

A

Homozygous alleles have 3 copies of the SAME allele, inheriting the same allele from each parent

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32
Q

What are heterozygous alleles?

A

Heterozygous alleles have 2 DIFFERENT alleles; inheriting a different allele from each parent

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33
Q

What is a dominant trait?

A

A dominant trait can be expressed with both homozygous and heterozygous alleles

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34
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

A recessive trait can only be expression with homozygous alleles

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35
Q

Define genotype

A

The genotype is the genetic makeup on an organism (the alleles)

36
Q

Define phenotype

A

The phenotype is how the genotype is expressed in the organism’s characteristics.

37
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

Co-dominance is when a heterozygote shows both traits. (E.g. spots)

38
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Incomplete dominance is when the heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype. (E.g. Red parent and white parent producing pink offspring)

39
Q

What is sex-linked inheritance?

A

Sex-linked inheritance is when traits are inherited through the X chromosome.

40
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A carrier, in reference to sex linked inheritance, is a homozygous female who “carries” a recessive trait.

41
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Natural selection is the theory that the organisms better adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby passing on their traits. It is also referred to as “survival of the fittest”.

42
Q

Who is credited with this theory?

A

Charles Darwin

43
Q

How do you answer a natural selection question?

A

1) There was variation in the population…
2) The environment changes…
3) The individuals with ______ trait had an advantage and were able to produce offspring.
4) Over time, the population evolved.

44
Q

What is speciation?

A

Speciation is the process in which one species diverges into 2 or more species.

45
Q

What are the stages of speciation?

A

1) Variation (Naturally occurring variation in a population)
2) Isolation (The population must be geographically isolated)
3) Natural Selection

46
Q

Organisms that are the same species can…

A

Breed together under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring

47
Q

What is evolution

A

Evolution is the change in species over time. Evolution may result in speciation or adaptation.

48
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Convergent is when unrelated species become similar

49
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

Divergent evolution is when species evolve into 2 or more different species.

50
Q

What are adaptations?

A

Adaptions are a result of evolution. They are features that help a species survive.

51
Q

Describe structural adaptations

A

Structural adaptations are physical features that enable them to survive (e.g. Duck’s webbed feet)

52
Q

Describe behavioral adaptations

A

Behavioral adaptations are changes in an organism’s behavior (E.g. noctural, hibernation, hunting habits)

53
Q

Describe functional adaptations

A

Functional adaptations involve an organisms internal systems (E.g. Colour changing for camouflage)

54
Q

What are fossils?

A

Fossils are the preserved remains of organisms.

55
Q

Where can fossils occur?

A

Fossils may occur in peat, tar, permafrost, or amber

56
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

Comparative anatomy is the science of comparison of the physical structure of different species.

57
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Homologous structures are body parts of species that have similar features; indicating a common ancestor.

58
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Analogous structures are structures that have similar functions, but dissimilar evolutionary origins.
For example, the wings of a bat have different origins to the wings of a bird, yet they share the function of flying

59
Q

What is the aim in a scientific report?

A

A statement that describes the purpose of the experiment

60
Q

What is the hypothesis in a scientific report?

A

The possible result of the experiment based on research

61
Q

What is a independent variable?

A

The variable that is varied by the researcher/scientist

62
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A

The variable that remains unchanged throughout the experiment

63
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable is changes as a result of the independent variable

64
Q

The aim of an experiment is to find out how different liquid affect plant height. Plant A is given water, plant B is given juice, plant C is given Coca Cola. What are the independent, dependent and controlled variables in this experiment?

A

Independent - The type of liquid used
Controlled - The type of plant, the amount of liquid, the pot size
Dependent - The height of the plant

65
Q

What is the discussion in a scientific report?

A

The discussion section includes the results of the experiment as well as an interpretation of the results.

66
Q

What is the conclusion in a scientific report?

A

In the conclusion, restate the aim and main findings as well as any errors

67
Q

What is solubility?

A

Solubility measures how much of a solute can be dissolved in any given volume of solvent

68
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solution is a mixture in which a solid dissolves in a liquid

69
Q

What is a solute?

A

A solute is the solid substance that dissolves

70
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A solvent is the liquid that the solute dissolves in

71
Q

Define soluble

A

Soluble means it can dissolve in water

72
Q

Define insoluble

A

Insoluble means it cannot dissolve in water

73
Q

Are nitrates soluble?

A

All nitrates are soluble

74
Q

Are chlorides soluble?

A

All chlorides are soluble except for silver lead and mercury

75
Q

Are sulphates soluble?

A

All sulphates are soluble except for calcium, barium and lead

76
Q

Are hydroxides are carbonates soluble?

A

All hydroxides and carbonates are INSOLUBLE, except for sodium, potassium and ammonium

77
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A

Exothermic means heat is released during the reaction. E.g. Rusting, combustion

78
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

Endothermic means that heat is absorbed during the reaction. E.g. Melting ice, evaporation, decomposition

79
Q

Describe the acid/base (neutralisation) reaction

A

Acid + Base —> Salt + Water

80
Q

Describe the acid/metal reaction

A

Acid + Metal –> Salt + Hydrogen Gas

81
Q

Describe the acid/carbonate reaction

A

Acid + Carbonate –> Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water

82
Q

What is a hydrogen carbon?

A

A hydrocarbon is a molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen. Organic chemistry is concerned with hydrocarbons.

83
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Alkanes are hydrocarbons with single bonds.
The general formula for an alkane is CxH2x+2

84
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with double bonds.
The general formula for akenes is CxH2x

85
Q

What are alkynes?

A

Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing triple bonds.
The general formula is CxH2x-2

86
Q

What are the prefixes for naming organic compounds?

A

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - doc

science 2023 (2 decks)

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