Sem 2 exam Flashcards
What is Functionalism according to Emile Durkheim?
A social system with important interconnections for societal stability, serving four roles: clarifying norms, uniting groups, promoting social change, and strengthening bonds.
What does Social Control Theory explain?
It explains how strong societal bonds prevent deviance. Key principles include: Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief.
What are the key principles of Social Control Theory?
- Attachment: Emotional connections to others.
- Commitment: Investment in societal goals.
- Involvement: Participation in conventional activities.
- Belief: Acceptance of societal rules.
What does Positive Deviance Theory highlight?
It highlights non-conventional behaviors leading to positive societal outcomes.
What are the six categories of Positive Deviance?
- Altruism: Selfless acts for others.
- Innovation: Creative problem-solving.
- Charisma: Influencing positive change through personal attributes.
What does Labelling Theory explore?
It explores the societal impact of labeling, emphasizing the self-fulfilling prophecy and stigma as a barrier to reintegration.
What are the effects of shaming according to Reintegrative Shaming Theory?
Shaming can either reintegrate offenders by condemning the act but restoring societal ties or disintegrate offenders by stigmatizing and alienating them.
What is Moral Panic as described by Stanley Cohen?
It describes societal overreaction to perceived threats, often influenced by Folk Devils and Moral Entrepreneurs.
What are Folk Devils in the context of Moral Panic?
Groups blamed for societal problems.
What are Moral Entrepreneurs?
Individuals amplifying fears for ideological or personal gain.
What is Crime Relativity?
Crime definitions evolve with societal norms and vary across locations.
What are the goals of punishment?
Deterrence, rehabilitation, societal protection, and retribution.
What do sentencing principles focus on?
Fairness (parity) and minimal punishment (parsimony).
What is Restorative Justice?
Processes like conferencing and sentencing circles aim for reconciliation and rehabilitation.
