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BMSc Anatomy > Sem 1 -Thorax and Abdomen > Flashcards

Sem 1 -Thorax and Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

what is lymph

A

clear fluid lost from the capillary bed which drians into lymphatic vessels and into lymph nodes

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2
Q

what do lymph nodes contain

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

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3
Q

describe the movement of lymph

A

periphery to midline and upper thorax

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4
Q

what colour is lymph

A

clear unless from intestines then may be a milky yellow - called chyle

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5
Q

where are lymphocytes produces

A

bone marrow

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6
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow

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7
Q

where does lymphocyte maturation take

A

thymus = T cells, bone marrow = B cells

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8
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, peyers pateches (GALT), MALT, BALT

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9
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system

A

to remove interstitial fluid, protien, cells from tissue and move them into the blood stream

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10
Q

what is the ANS and describe it

A

autonomic nervoud system - non-concious control of both motor and sensory functions

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11
Q

what structures are involved in the ANS

A

spinal nerve (ant = motor, post = sensory), dorsal ramus = sensory to post body wall, ventral ramus = motor to anterolateral body wall and limbs

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12
Q

descibe sympathetic outflow and function

A

T1-L1/2

speeds up processes generally

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13
Q

descibe parasympathetic outflow and function

A

Craniosacral outflow - CN 3, 9, 10 and S2, S3, S4

slows down processes generally

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14
Q

what are white rami communicantes

A

presynpatic fibres of spinal nerve to sympathetuc trunk - ventrla motor fibres (only occurs in T1-L1/2)

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15
Q

what are grey rami communicantes

A

postsynaptic fibres from sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves

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16
Q

what froms the thoracic cage

A

12 pairs of ribs
sternum
12 T vertebrae

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17
Q

what bones are closely associated with thoracic cage but are not part of it

A

clavicle and scapula

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18
Q

what forms the superior thoracic inlet/aperture

A 
Ant = manubrium 
Post = T1 body
Lat = 1st pair of ribs and their costal cartilages
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19
Q

what forms the inferior thoracic inlet/aperture

A 
Ant = xiphisternal joint 
Post = T12 body
Lat = 11th and 12th ribs and the costal cartilage of ribs 7-10
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20
Q

what ribs are true

A

1-7

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21
Q

what ribs are false

A

8-10

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22
Q

what ribs are floating

A

11-12

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23
Q

what ribs are typical

A

3-9

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24
Q

what ribs are atypical

A

1, 2, 10, 11, 12

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25
desribe the structure of a typical rib
Head = articulates with IV disc and sup and inf demifacets of body (sup if of that ribs level) Tubercle = articulates with transverse process and costotransverse ligaments Costal angle = most curved part of ribs Costal groove = infernal surface of inferior border
26
descibe the vertebral body
weight bearing portion
27
descibe the pedicles
attach the VB to the vertebral arch
28
descibre the articular processes
from zygopophysial joints between inf and sup articular processes between vertebrae
29
desribe the lamina
posterior extension of the arch which meets to form spinous process
30
describe the transverse process
muscle attachment and rib artiulation
31
describe the spinous process
supraspinous ligament attachment and muscle attachment
32
describe the sup and inf demifacets
articulate with the head of the rib, superior facet is of that vertebrae and rib, inferior id of the vertebrae below
33
describe the structure of rib 1
Head has a single facet rather than 2 Grooves for the subclavian arteru and vein (closest to costal cartilage) Scalene tubercle between the above grooves for the attachemnt of anterior scalene muscle attachemnt for middle scalene near the costal angle
34
describe the structure of rib 2
Tuberosity for serratus anterior attachement | Posterior scalene also attaches to this rib
35
describe the structure of rib 10 to 12
Head has a single facet rather than 2 | Ribs 11 nd 12 have no neck or tubercle
36
describe the structure of the manubrium
Sup border = jugular notch Clavicular notches either side of this Manubriosternal joint = sternal angle at T4/5 or Rib 2
37
descibe the structure of the body of sternum
Attachment for ribs 3-6
38
describe the structure of the xiphoid process
Xiphisternal joint at T9 - where rib 7 articulates
39
Intervertebral discs form what sort of joints
secondary cartilaginous joints = symphysis
40
what type of joint are zygopophysial joints
synovial plane joints
41
what do the artciular facets in the T region allow
for rotational movement between vertebrae
42
what sort of joint do the ribs form with the sternum
``` 1 = Synchondrosis (primary cartilaginous joint) with sternum - other ribs are synovial plane joints 2-7 = synovial plane joints ```
43
what sort of joints form between ribs 6-12
interchondral joinrs synovial joints betwene 6+7, 7+8, 8+9 fibrous joint between 9+10
44
what two movements do the ribs contribute to in respiration
pump handle and bucket handle movements
45
what ribs take part in the bucket handle movement andwhat part of the rib moves more during this movement
ribs 7-12 (inf ribs) | lateral rib has most movement
46
what ribs take part in the pump handle movement andwhat part of the rib moves more during this movement
ribs 1-6 (sup ribs) | ant aspect of the rib moves most
47
what are the changes of the rib cage during repiration
anterior and posterior = sternum laterally = lower rib cage verticaly = diphragm descends and flattens
48
what muscles contribute to the thoracic wall
intercostals subcostals transversus thoracis
49
what are the secondary muscles of inspiration
``` pectoralis major pectoralis minor rectus abdominis serratus anterior serratus posterior superior serratus posterior inferior scalene muscles ```
50
describe neurovascular supply to pectoralis major
medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) and lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7) branches from thoracoacromial artery and internal thoracic artery
51
describe the attachments of pectoralis major
``` origin: ant surface medial half of clavicle ant surface of sternum costal cartilage 1-6 anterior layer of anterior rectus sheath ``` insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
52
describe neurovascular supply to pectoralis minor
medial pectiral nerve (C8, T1) | thoracoacromial artery
53
describe the attachments of pectoralis minor
origin: anterior surface of costal cartilage 3-5 insertion: medial border and coracoid process of scapula
54
describe neurovascular supply to serrtaus anterior
long thoracic nerve C5-7 | superior and lateral thoracic nerves and thoracodorsal artery branches
55
describe the attachments of serrtaus anterior
origin: ribs 1-2, ribs 3-6, wibs 7-9 insertion: scapula superior anlge and medial border
56
describe neurovascular supply to serrtaus posterior superior
2nd to 5th intercostal nerves | intercostal arteries
57
describe the attachments of serrtaus posterior superior
origin: nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T3 insertion: superior border of ribs 2-5
58
describe neurovascular supply to serrtaus posterior inferior
anterior rami of T9-L2 | intercostal arteries
59
describe the attachments of serrtaus posterior infeiror
origin: spinous process of T11-L2 insertion: inferior border of ribs 9-12
60
describe neurovascular supply to scalene muscles
``` anterior = ant rami C3-7 middle = ant rami C4-7 posterior = ant rami C5-7 ``` inferior thyroid artery
61
describe the attachments of scalenes
ant origin transverse process C3-6 ant insertion tubercle and sup border fo rib 1 middle origin transverse process C2-7 middle insertion sup border rib 1 post origin transverse process C5-7 post insertion external surface of rib 2
62
desribe fibres, attachemtns, action and membrane replacement of external intercostal muscle
inferomedial fibres tubercles of ribs to costocondral junction raise ribs in inspiration anterior membrane replacement by ant intercostal memrbrane
63
desribe fibres, attachemtns, action and membrane replacement of internal intercostal muscle
``` inferolateral fibres sternum to angle of ribs interosseus part = depress ribs interchondrous part = elevate ribs posterior membrane replacement by intercostal membrane ```
64
describe the subcostal muscles
blend with innermost intercostal span 1-2 intercostal spaces attach to angle of rib
65
describe the transversus thoracis muscle
side fo sternum to 2-6 costal cartilages | vessels at side of sternum are superficial to this muscle
66
descirbe the intercostal veins
anterior veins to internal thoracic vein | posterior veins to azygoz/hemiazygos venous system
67
describe the intercostal arteries
posterior 3-11 from subcoastal thoracic aorta posterior 1 and 2 from supreme intercostal artery anterior from internal thoracic artery (from subclavian artery) branches 1 and 2 are direct branches 7-9 come off indirect branches musculophrenic artery and superior epigastric artery
68
desdibe the intercostal nerves
have sensory branches to the skin
69
name the most notable dermatomes
``` T4 = nipple T10 = umbilicus ```
70
desribe the anatomy of the breast
``` lies of pectoralis major opens at lactiferous duct fibrous tissue with suspensory ligaments medial and lateral mammary arteries lateral thoracic artery from axillary medial from interna thoracic artery ```
71
lymph drainage of the breats
axillary nodes and maybe parasternal
72
what is pleura
serous membrane that produces a lubricating fluid
73
what are the differnet types of pleura
visceral and parietal which are continuous with each other at the hilum of the lung
74
what is the pulmonary ligament
extention of pleura that allows for expansion of the hilum
75
what holds the pleura in place
endothoracic fascia
76
what is the suprapleural memebrane
thick membrane that attaches to rib 1 and transverse processes of C7 to prevent the lungs going into the neck
77
surface markings of the lungs
midclavicular line lung = rib 6, parietal pleura = rib 8 mid axilary line lung = rib 8, parietal pleura = rib 10 scapular line lung = rib 10, parietal pleura = rib 12
78
what are the recesses associated with teh lungs
``` costodiaphragmatic = angle of diaphragm to thoracic wall costomediastinal = posterior to the sternum larger on the left ```
79
what are the 3 lung syrfaces
costal diaphragmatic mediastinal
80
what are the borders of the lung
anterior posterior inferior
81
describe the right lung
3 lobes | oblique and transverse fissures
82
describe the left lung
2 lobes and lingula | oblique fissure
83
how do the phrenic and vagus nerves relate the lung hilum
``` vagus = posterior phrenic = anterior ```
84
describe the mediastinal surface of the R lung
right atrium SVC impression azygos vein arches over hilum oesophagus post to hilum
85
describe the mediastinal surface of the L lung
Left ventricle arch of aorta above hilum descending aorta behind hilum
86
describe the locations of the structures of the hilum
most posterior = bronchus ant sup = arteries ant inf = veins
87
how many segments does the R bronchial tree split into `
3 lobes 3 segments superioly 2 segments middle 5 segments inferiorly
88
how many segments does the L bronchial tree split into
2 lobes 5 segments superiorly 5 segments inferiorly
89
lymphatic drianage of the lung
``` parenchyma = pulmonary hilum = hilar carina = superior and inferior tracheobronchial nodes trachea = paratracheal ```
90
boundaries of superior mediastinum
``` Sup = superior thoracic inlet Inf = transthoracic plane T4/5 (rib 2) ant = sternum post = bodies of T1-T4 ```
91
describe course of R and L vagus nerves
``` R = anterior to R subclavian and loops under it L = between common carotid and L subclavian and loops under arch of aorta posterior to ligamentum arteriosum ```
92
what plexuses does the vagis nerve contribute to
Caridac = deep to ach of aorta at T4/5 R and L pulmonary nodes = on the main bronchi Oeosphageal = surface o oesophagus Ant (left vagus) and post (right vagus) vagal trunks pierce diaphragm at T10
93
describe course of R and L phrenic nerves
R = with brachiocephalic vein blending with RA piercing diaphragm near IVC opening at T8 L = between L subclavian and L carotid blending with LV and piercing letft of the pericardium
94
what level does the trachea begin and end
C6/7 to T4/5
95
what are the anterior and posterior borders of the trachea formed by
``` Ant = C shaped cartilage Post = trachealis muscle ```
96
what level does the IVC pierce diaphrgam
T8
97
what level does oesophagus pierce diaphragm
T10
98
what level does aorta pierce diaphragm
T12
99
what are the 3 main constritions of the oesophagus
arch of aorta (T4/5) L bronchus (T6) Diaphrgam (T10)
100
what are the boundaries of the anterior inferior mediastinum
``` sup = transverse thoracic plane inf = diaphgram ant = body of sternum post = fibroum pericardium ```
101
what is located int he middle inferior mediastinum
heart
102
what shape is the heart
trapezoid
103
what are the layers from superficial to deep of the heart
epicaridum (serous pericardium) --> myocardium --> endocardium
104
what vessels drain into the RA
SVC, IVC, coronary sinus, Thesbian veins, anterior cardiac veins
105
describe the fibrous pericardium
blends sup with adventitia of great vessels
106
what becomes the central tendon of the diaphrgam
fibrous pericarium
107
describe the serous pericardium
reflects onto the heart at the great vessels - visceral and parietal parts
108
describe the transverse pericaridal sinus
horizontal sinus posterior to the pulmonary tynk and ascening aorta
109
describe the oblique pericardial sinus
vertical sinus posterior to the LA
110
what forms these borders of the heart : - base - R border - L border - apex - sup borer
``` base = LA R border = RA L border = LV and L auricle apex = LV sup border = RA, LA and auricles ```
111
``` what forms each surface of the heart: - anterior - diaphrgamatic left pulmonar y base ```
ant = RA diaphragmatic = LV RV left pulmonary = LV base = LV
112
what are the branches of the RCA
SA nodal R marginal AV nodal Post interventricular
113
what are the branhes of the LCA
LAD | left circumflex
114
what branches from the LAD
diagonal branch
115
what branches from the left circumflex
L marginal branch
116
what groove goes the LAD run in
anterior interventricular
117
what groove does the L circumflex run in
L arioventricular groove
118
what are the coronary veins and where do they run
great cardiac in anterior interventicular groove middle cardiac in posterior interventricular groove small cardiac with R marginal artery L posterior ventricular on post wall of LV oblique vein of LA
119
describe the internal surface of the RA
Pectinate muscles = rough area Crista terminalis = around the fossa ovalis Fossa ovalis Sinus venarum = smooth area
120
describe the internal surface of the LA
smooth and featureless | pectinate muscles at the auricle
121
describe the internal surface of the RV
chordae tendinae moderator band - IV septum to ant papillar papillary muscles trabeculae carnae
122
describe the internal surface of the LV
chordae tendinae papillary muscles trabeculae carnae thick muscular wall
123
what are the 4 valves of the heart
mitral - pulmonary - tricuspid - aortic
124
when are the semilunar valves open and closed
``` open = high pressure closed = low pressure ```
125
when are the cuspid valves open and closed
``` open = low pressure closed = high pressure ```
126
what is the function of the fibrous skeleton
helps with the structure of the valves and helps with electrical conduction
127
describe the innervation to the heart
SA nodes near SVC opening in RA AV node near AV septum in RA --> into LBB and RBB with purkinje fibres RBB to moderator band
128
what is the parasymp and symp innervation to the heart
``` parasymp = intrinsic ganglia and vagal plexus symp = T1-5/6 in cervical and thoracic paravertebral ganglia ```
129
what are the boundaries of the posterior inferior mediastinum
``` sup = transthoracic plane inf = diaphragm ant = pericardium post = bodies of T5-T12 ```
130
where does the R 1st posterior intercostal vein drain
right brachiocephalic vein
131
where do the R 2nd to 11th posterior intercostal veins drain
azygos vein
132
where do the L 1st to 4th posterior intercostal veins drain
L brachiocephallic vein
133
where do the L 5th to 8th posterior intercostal veins drain
accessory hemiazygos vein crosses midline at T8
134
where do the L 9th to 11th posterior intercostal veins drain
hemi-azygos vein crosses midline at T9
135
what forms the SVC
L and R brachiocephalic veins + axygos veins + inferior thyrid vein
136
what level is the arch of the aorta
T4/5
137
what are the greater splanchnic nerves and where do they synapse
T5-T9 ganglion | synapse at coeliac and sup mesenteric ganglion
138
what are the lesser splanchnic nerves and where do they synapse
T10-T11 ganglion | synapse at sup mesenteric and aorticorenal ganglia
139
what are the least splanchnic nerves and where do they synapse
T12 ganglion | synapse at the aorticorenal ganglion
140
where is the caval opening
T8 in central tendon
141
where is the oeosphageal hiatus
T10 in the crus
142
where is the aortic hiatus
T12 posterior to teh mediaN arcuate ligament
143
what are the layers of the abdominal wall
skin --> sup fascia --> muscle layers and their deep fascia --> extraperitoneal fascia --> parietal peritoneum
144
descirbe the superficial facia of the abdomen
above umbilucus - normal arrangement below umbilicus in 2 layers - fatty layer = campers fascia - membranous layer = scarpas fascia
145
what does campers fascia form in the perineum
fascia of thigh and perineum males = dartos muscle, penis fascia females = labia majora
146
what does scarpas fascia form in the perineum
fascia of thigh to form fascia lata males = penis fasciam dartos fascia, fundiform ligament females = labia majora
147
what are the muscles of the abdominal wall
``` external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominis rectus abdominis pyramidalis ```
148
describe neurovascular supply to external oblique
ant rami T7-T12 | lower posterior intercostal artery, subcostal artery and deep circumflex iliac atery
149
describe attachments of external oblique
ribs 5-12, iliac crest and linea alba
150
describe neurovascular supply to internal oblique
ant rami T7-T12 and L1 | subcostal artery
151
describe attachments of internal oblique
thoracolumbar fasixia, inguinal ligament, iliac crest to ribs 9-12
152
describe neurovascular supply to transversus abdominis
ant rami T7-L1 | subcostal artery, superior epigastric
153
describe attachments of transversus abdominis
thoracolumbar fascia, inguinal ligament, iliac crestm costal carilage 7-12 to linea alba, pubic crest and pectineal line
154
describe neurovascular supply to pyramidalis
ant ramus T12 | inf epigastric artery
155
describe attachments of pyramidalis
pubis to linea alba and rectus
156
describe neurovascular supply to rectus abdominis
ant rami T7-T12 | inf and sup epigastric arteries
157
describe attachments of rectus abdominis
pubic tubercle crest and symphysis to xiphoid process and costal cartilage 5-7
158
describe the rectus sheath
above umbilicus - external and 1/2 oblique ant to rectus - 1/2 internal and transversus post to rectus below umbilicus - external, internal and transversus ant to rectus leaving transversalis fascia below
159
where is the transition in the rectus shetah
arcuate line 1/2 way from umbilicus to pubic bone
160
what fascia helps to form the renal fat pad
extraperitoneal fasia
161
what nerves corme from L1 level
ilioinguinal | iliohypogastric
162
what nerve coems from T12 level
subcostal
163
what nerves come from T7-T11 level
intercostal nerves
164
what are the three folds on the posterio surface of the abdominal wall
``` mediaN = urachus remnant mediaL = umbilical artery remnant lateral = inf epigastric vessles ```
165
where is the superficial inguinal ring located in comparison to the deep ring
more medial - closer to the pubic bone
166
what shape is the superficial inguinal ring and why
triangular - srtong walls (crura) make the shape
167
what layer is the superficial inguinal ring located in
external oblique aponeurosis
168
what fasica in the perineum arises from the external oblique aponeurosis
external spermatic fascia
169
what structures exit the superficial inguinal ring
ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
170
what layer is the deep inguinal ring located in
transversalis fascia
171
where is the deep inguinal ring located
1/2 way between ASIS and pubic tubercle
172
what shape is the deep inguinal ring
oval
173
where are the inferio epigastric vessle sin relation to the deep inguinal ring
medial
174
what structures pass throught the deep inguuinela ring
genital branch of genital femoral nerve round ligament of uterus vas deferens testicular vessels
175
what forms each of the walls of the inguinal canal - ant - post - roof - floor - lateral walls
ant = aponeurosis of external oblique and internal oblique in the lat 1/3 post = transversalis fascia and cojoint tendon in the medial 1/3 roof = fibres of internal oblique and transversus abdominis floor = inferior rolled edge of external oblique and lacunar ligamet laetral walls = supported by internal oblique
176
what is the cojoint tendon
common insertion of internal oblique and transversus into the pubic crest and pectineal line
177
what is the lacunar ligament
medial edge of the femoral ring where femoral vessles pass into the lower limb
178
what is the inguinal ligament
floor of the inguinal canal fromed by external oblique
179
why is the inguinal canal an oblique passge
to try and prevent herniation
180
what muscles flatten the inguinal canal in increased abdominal pressure
internal oblique and transversus abdominis
181
what is a direct hernia
pushes through weakness in the wall of canal
182
what is an indirect hernia
enters via weakness of deep inguinal ring
183
what is a femoral hernia
hernaites into the back of the femoral sheath
184
what abdominal wall structure forms the external spermatic fascia
external oblique
185
what abdominal wall structure forms the internal spermatic fascia
transversalis fascai
186
what abdominal wall structure forms the creamster muscles
internal oblique
187
what abdominal wall structure forms the colles fascia
scarpas fasica
188
what does the colles fascia contain
dartos muscle - temp control
189
what is the function of te cremaster muscle
pulls up testes for temp control
190
what layer of the abdominal wall forms no layers in the spermatic cord and why
transversus abdominus because processus vaginalis passes under this in development
191
what lymph nodes drain the testis and epididymis
paraortic nodes at root of testicular artery L2
192
what lymph nodes drain the scrotal wall and fascia
superficial inguinal nodes
193
in the spermatic cord whats structure si most medial
vas deferens
194
what is the function of the vas deferens
carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
195
what does the testicular artery supply and where is it from
supplies epididymis and comes from L2 aorta
196
what plexus do the testicular veins form
pampiniform plexus
197
where does the artery of vas deferens come from
inferior vesicular
198
what does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply
cremaster muscle
199
when do the testes descend in development
IU months 7 and 8
200
what forms the gubernaculum
mesenchymal cells
201
what nerves are responsible for the sensitivity of the parietal peritoneum
lat and ant body wall = T6-T12 central diaphrgam = phrenic pelvic lining = obturator nerve
202
what are the fat stores of the abdomen
mesentery - 2 layers of peritoneum omentum - 4 layers of peritoneum appenices epiplociae
203
what does intraperitoneal mean
completey covered by peritoneum
204
what does retroperitoneal mean
partially covered by peritoneum
205
describe the greater omentum
hangs off greater curvature of the stomac carrying gastroepiploic vessels
206
where does R gastroepiploic artery come from
gastroduodenal from common hepatic from coeliac trunk
207
where does L gastroepiploic artery come from
splenic artery from coeliac trunk
208
describe the lesser omentum
hangs off lesser curvature of the stomach | has a free edge and forms the lienorenal ligament
209
what does the free edge of the lesser omentum contain
portal vein posteriolry hepatic artery - left bile duct right
210
what does the lienorenal liagement carry
splenic vessels
211
what os the gap between the lesser and greater omentum called
epiploic foramen
212
what is the mesentery that attaches to the transverse colon and what artery does this carry
mesocolon - carries the marginal artery
213
what artery and vein supply the foregut, where does the lymph go and where is pain referred
``` artery = coeliac trunk T12 vein = portal vein lymph = coeliac nodes pain = epigastric ```
214
what are the layers of the stomach
serosa mscularis externa submucosa mucosa
215
what are the regions of the stomach
fundus - right dome of diaphrgam cardia - entry of oesophagus pyloric antrum and pyloric valve - joining to duodenum
216
what is the most superior level of the stomach
rib 5/6
217
what level is the pyloric valve
L1
218
what regions of the abdomen is the stomach in
left hypochondrium and epigastric
219
what are the notches of the stomach
cardiac notech = entry of oesophagus | angular notch = lesser curvature
220
what are the surfaces of the stomach like
smooth external | rugae in internal
221
what is the arterial supply tot he stomach
lesser curvature = left gastric fundus = short gastric greater curvature = L and R gastroepiploic
222
what is the venous drainage of the stomach
L and R gastric veins --> portal L gastroepiploic and short gastric --> splenic R gastroepiploic --> SMV
223
what two veins unite to form the portal vei
splenic veins and SMV
224
what nodes does the stomach drain to
coeliac at T12
225
describe the duodenum
1st part = cap 2nd part = descending and entrance of bile duct 3rd part = transverse part 4th part = ascending to duodenum
226
where does the bile duct enter the duodenum
2nd part at the major duodenal papilla with the sphincter of oddi controlling
227
what makes the ampulla of vater
bile duct and pancreatic duct
228
what forms the bile duct
cystic duct and hepatic duct
229
what forms the common hepatic duct
right and left hepatic duct
230
what vertebral levels does the duodenum lie at
L1 to L3 | begins just above pyloric plane
231
what parts of the duodenum are retorperitoneal
2nd and 3rd parts
232
what are the folds in the duodenum called
plicae circulares
233
what is the blood supply to the duodenum
pancreaticoduodenal arteries proximal = superior distal = inferior
234
what is the venous drainage to the duodenum
``` proximal = portal vein distal = SMV then portal vein ```
235
what lymph nodes drain the duodenum
coeliac nodes T12 proximal | SM nodes L1 distal
236
describe the ligaments on the liver
ligamentum teres = remnant of umbilical vein falciform ligament = separates the L and R lobes coronary liagment over R love R and L triangular ligaments
237
describe the lobes of the liver
R and L lobes quadrate lobe ant by the bile dct caudate lobe post by the IVC
238
what is the highest point of the liver
rib 5/6
239
what does porta hepatic contin
portal vein bile duct hepatic artery
240
what regions of the abdomen is the liver in
right hypochondrium | epigastric
241
what is the bare area
area on R lobe that has no peritoneum due to way peritonem reflexts on the diaphragm
242
what is the blood supply tot he liver
hepatic artery = oxygen | portal vein = nurtients
243
what is the venous drainage of the liver
hepatic veins to the IVC
244
what is the lymphatic drainage of the liver
coeliac nodes T12 | some via diaphragm and post mediastinum
245
what are the areas of the gallbladder
fundus neck body
246
what level is the gall bladder at
9th costal cartilage mid clavicular line
247
when is bile needed
when eating fatty foods
248
what causes bile to be released
cholecystokinin causes gallbladder to contract
249
what colour are cholesterol stones
green or yellow/white
250
what colour are bilirubin and calcium salts
small and dark
251
what is the blood supply to the gallbladder
cystic artery
252
what is the venous drainage of the gallbladder
cystic vein to the common hepatic
253
what is the lymphatic drainage of the gallbladder
cystic nodes - hepatic nodes - coeliac nodes
254
describe the parts of the pancreas
head uncinate process (below head) body tail
255
what is the arterial supply of the pancreas
pancreatic branches from the splenic artery | head supplied by sup and inf pancreaticoduodenal artery
256
what is the venous drainage of the pancreas
splenic vein/SMV to the portal system
257
what si the lymphatic drainage of the pancreas
SM nodes at L1 | Coeliac nodes at T12
258
what protects the spleen
ribs 9-11
259
what ligament do the splenic vessels and tail of the pancreas travel in
lienorenal ligament
260
what does the gastrosplenic ligament carry
short gastric and gastroepiploic vessles
261
what is the arterial supply to the pancreas
pancreatic branches from splenic artery
262
what is the venosu drainage of the pancreas
IMV to splenic to SMV to portal
263
what is the lymphatic drainage of the pancreas
pancreaticosplenic nodes to coeliac
264
what is more proximal and how much of the small intestine id the ileum and jejunum
jejunum first 2/5 | ileum distal 3/5
265
what are the arterial supplies to teh small intestine
ileal and jejunal branches from SMA | distal ileum = iliocolic
266
what is the lymphatic drainage of the small intestine
L1 SMA nodes
267
what artery and vein supply the midgut, where does the lymph go and where is pain referred
SMA L1 SMV preaortic nodes at SMA L1 umbilical pain
268
describe the large intestine
absorbs water and electrolytes haustra teniae coli appendices epiplociae
269
describe the blood supply to the caecum
caecal artery from iliocolic from SMA
270
what is the venous drainage fromt the caecum
SMV
271
what is the lymphatic drainage from the caecum
SM nodes at L1
272
where is the appendix located
1/3 of the way between ASIS and umbilicus
273
what is the arterieal supply to the appendix
appendicular artery from iliocolic from SMA
274
what is the venous drainage of the appendix
small vein to the posterior caecal vein
275
what is the lymphatic drainage of the appendix
SM nodes
276
where is appendix pain reffered
T10 umbilicus
277
what is the blood supply to the ascending colon
iliocolic and right colic from SMA
278
what is the venosu drianage of the ascending colon
SMV
279
what is the lymphatic drainage of the ascending colon
SM nodes at L1
280
what gut regions is the transverse colon in
``` midgut = proximal 2/3 hindgut = distal 1/3 ```
281
what is the bloody supply of the transverse colon
``` prox = SMA distal = IMA ```
282
what is the venous drianage of the transverse colon
``` prox = SMV distal = IMV ```
283
what arteries joint to from the marginal artery and where is this artery found
middle and left colic | mesocolon
284
what is the lymphatic drainage of the transverse colon
SMA L1 nodes proximal | IMA L3 nodes distal
285
what artery and vein supply the hindgut, where does the lymph go and where is pain referred
IMA L3 IMV preaortic at L3 suprapubic
286
what is the arterial supply to the descending colon
left colic artery from IMA | sigmoid artery from IMA
287
what is the drainage of the descending colon
IMV
288
what is the lymphatic drainage of the descending colon
IM nodes at L3
289
where is the sigmoid colon
ant to L external iliac artery to the 3rd sacral vertebra
290
what is the arterial supply to the sigmoid colon
IMA
291
what is the venous drainage of the sigmoid colon
IMV
292
what is the lymphatic drainage of the sigmoid colon
IM nodes at L3
293
what are the regions of the rectum
``` sup = hindgut inf = pelvic ```
294
what is the blood supply to the rectum
``` sup = superior rectal from IMA mid = middle rectal from internal iliac inf = inferior rectal from inferior pudendal ```
295
what is the venous drainage of the rectum
sup rectal vein to IMV to portal | mid and inf to internal iliac and inf pudendal to common iliac to IVC
296
what is the lymphatic drianage of the rectum
``` sup = IM nodes at L3 inf = lower rectum to internal iliac nodes ```
297
what are the primary retroperitoneal structrues
kidneys suprarenal glands
298
what are the secondary retroperitoneal structures
duodenum, pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon, uper 2/3 rectum
299
what are the layers covering the kidney
kidney --> capsule --> perirenal fat --> renal fascia --> pararenal fat
300
what level is the hilum level
L1
301
what is the level of the sup pole of the kidneys
``` R = rib 12 L = rib 11 and 12 ```
302
what vertebral level is the kidney at
T12-L3
303
what level are the renal arteries
L1
304
what renal artery is longer
R renal artery
305
where do the renal veins drain
IVC
306
what drains into the L renal vein
left gonadal veins and left suprarenal vein
307
what is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys
Lateral aortic nodes at L1
308
describe the course of the ureters
inf exit from renal pelvis and cross the bifurcation of the common ilia artery anterior to the SI joint
309
what are the 3 main constrictions of the ureter
uteropelvic junction pelvic brim trigone of the bladder
310
what is the blood supply to the ureters
renal arteries L1 gonadal artery superior vesicular artery
311
what is the venous drainage of the ureters
renal vein gonadal vein superior vesicular vein
312
what is the lymphatic drainage of the ureters
lateral aortic nodes | iliac nodes
313
where is ureter pain referred
inguinal region
314
describe the right suprarenal gland
pyramid shape
315
describe the left suprarenal gland
crescent shape
316
what colour is the cortex and what does it produce
yellow and glucocorticoids and corticoids
317
what colour is the medulla and what does it produce
brown and adrenaline and noradrenaline
318
what is the arterial supply to the suprarenal glands
suprarenal branch of inf phrenic from coeliac trunk or aorta
319
what is the venous drianage of the suprarenal glands
``` right = suprarenal vein to IVC left = suprarenal vein to left renal vein to IVC ```
320
what is the lymphatic draiange of the suprarenal gland
lateral aortic nodes at L1
321
what are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
quadratus laborum iliacus psoas
322
describe the neurovascular supply to quadratus laborum
ant rami T12-L4
323
describe the attachments of quadratus laborum
iliac cret to 12th rib and L1-4 transverse processes
324
describe the neurovascular supply to iliacus
femoral nerve L2,3,4
325
describe the attachments of iliacus
iliac fossa to join psoas to form iliopsoas inserting into lesser trochanter of femur
326
describe the neurovascular supply to psoas
lumbar plexus branches L2-4
327
describe the attachments of psoas
T12-L4 bodies and IV discs and L1-L5 to join iliacus as iliopsoas
328
where does the left crus of the diaphragm insert
L1-3
329
where does the right crus of the diaphragm insert
L1-2
330
what level does the aorta bifurcate
L4
331
what level does the IVC form
L5
332
what continues down the midline after the bifurcation of the aorta
median sacral artery
333
where does inferior epigastric artery originate
external iliac artery
334
where do the lumbar veins drain
1 and 2 to ascending lumbar vein 3 and 4 to IVC 5 to iliolumbar vein and common iliac
335
what is the level of the cisterna chyli
L1
336
what nerve roots form the lumbar plexus
ant rami L1-L4
337
where is the lumbar plexus located
below psoas
338
what does the iliohypogastric nerve supply and what level does it arise
L1 sensory to lat gluteal and pubic skin motor to internal oblique and transversus abdominis
339
what does the ilioinguinal nerve supply and what level does it arise
L1 sensory to skin on medial thigh and root of penis/mons pubis motor to internal oblique and transversus abdominis
340
what does the genitofemoral nerve supply and what level does it arise
ant rami L1 and L2 sensory femoral = skin of upper ant thigh sensory genital = scrotum or mons pubis motor genital = cremasteric muscle
341
what does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve supply and what level does it arise
ant rami L2 and L3 | skin on ant lat thigh
342
what does the femoral nerve supply and what level does it arise
ant rami L2,3,4 sensory = skin on ant and lat thigh and medial thigh via saphenous branch motor = pectineus, iliacus, ant compartment of thigh
343
what does the obturator nerve supply and what level does it arise
ant rami L2,3,4 sensory = skin on medial thigh motor = obturator externus, med compartment of thigh
344
where is the superior hypogastric plexus
L4 bifurcation
345
where is the inferior hypogastric plexus
lateral wall of pelvis
346
where does the subcostal nerve lie
over 12th rib
347
where does the genitofemoral nerve run
along ant surface of psoas
348
where does the obturator nerve run
passes through obturator muscles and membrane of obturator formamen

BMSc Anatomy (2 decks)

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