sem 1 final

Question 1

goals of sports med

Answer 1

prevent, diagnose, and treat sports injuries
help athletes give their best performance

Question 2

body systems and their functions (11)

Answer 2

1. circulatory system: blood and nutrients
2. lymphatic system: ger rid of toxins and fuel immune system
3. respiratory system: provide oxygen
4. integumentary system: (skin) protect from bacteria, infection, and damage
5. endocrine system: control mood, growth development, organs, metabolism, etc
6. gastrointestinal system: (digestive) digest and absorb food for nutrients
7. urinary system: excrete waste via urine
8. musculoskeletal system: give body structure, support, and movement
9. nervous system: transmit signals between the brain and the body
10. reproductive system: ensure survival of species
    11: immune system: defend body against infection and protect body’s cells

Question 3

how physical therapy helps athletes

Answer 3

helps recover from athletic injuries and improve performance

Question 4

5 careers in sports med and how they help

Answer 4

1. athletic trainer: prevent, diagnose, and treat injuries; manage training
2. orthopedic surgeon: injuries of musculoskeletal system that require surgery
3. kinesiologist: study movement and improve movement patterns
4. strength and conditioning coach: development and implementation of training programs
5. physical therapist: help recover and strengthen after an injury

Question 5

ancient doctors who contributed to the discipline

Answer 5

Arharva Veda: ancient medical book from India
Herodicus of Megara: “father of modern medicine”

Question 6

Hippocratic Oath

Answer 6

swear to gods to uphold professional ethical standards

Question 7

contributions of Galen

Answer 7

“team physician” at the gladiatorial school of Pergamum
relationship between athletic performance, proper diet, and rest

Question 8

how the Olympics revived sports med

Answer 8

Olympic Movement in 1896
ancient Rome and Greece prized sports competitions so young athletes were trained and educated
started having physicians specifically for sore muscles and injuries from sports

Question 9

contributions of Bilik and Crammer Brothers

Answer 9

Bilik: wrote the “Trainer’s Bible” on athletic training
Crammer Brothers: 1920s, established 1st company to supply athletic training products

Question 10

sports organizations (5)

Answer 10

1. Federation of Sports Medicine
2. American Medical Association
3. 1954 American College of Sports Medicine (LARGEST)
4. American Orthopedic Society
5. National Athletic Trainers Association

Question 11

supine vs prone

Answer 11

supine = lying face up
prone = lying face down

Question 12

body cavities

Question 13

body planes

Question 14

imaging techniques

Answer 14

x-ray
MRI
CT scan

Question 15

x-ray

Answer 15

x-ray wave through body
bones appear white (solid stuff is lighter)
done by radiologist

Question 16

MRI imaging

Answer 16

magnetic field and radiowaves take photos
to diagnose soft tissue problems (muscles, tendons, and blood)
use body planes for information on organ positioning

Question 17

CT images

Answer 17

uses x-rays that rotate around to form a 3D image
to diagnose bone and joint issues, organ problems blood flow, strokes, and cancer

Question 18

movements on the sagittal plane

Answer 18

flexion and extension
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
exercises: back squat, bicep curl, front lunges, walking/running

Question 19

movements on the frontal/coronal plane

Answer 19

abduction and adduction
elevation and depression
retraction and protraction
inversion (supination) and eversion (pronation) of ankles
jumping jacks, side lunges, side shuffles, side bents, lat arm raises

Question 21

movements on the transverse plane

Answer 21

pronation (palm backwards) and supination of arm
rotation
horizontal abduction and adduction
swinging golf club, seated hip abduction and adduction, chest flys

Question 22

lordosis/scoliosis

Answer 22

sideways curvature of the spine

Question 23

atlas and axis

Answer 23

atlas: c1, supports head
axis: c2, allows movement

Question 24

number vertebrae

Answer 24

24 (C7, T12, L5)

Question 25

mesenchymal cells

Answer 25

change into other kinds of cells

Question 26

osteoblasts

Answer 26

build bone tissue

Question 27

osteoclasts

Answer 27

clean up old/damaged cell tissue

Question 28

osteocytes

Answer 28

mature osteoblasts entrapped in matrix

Question 29

Wolff’s Law

Answer 29

bones adapt and grow stronger under response to stress and strain

Question 30

displaced fracture

Answer 30

bone breaks in 2 or more pieces and moves out of alignment

Question 31

non-displaced fracture

Answer 31

bone breaks but does not move out of alignment

Question 32

closed fracture

Answer 32

skin is not broken

Question 33

open fracture

Answer 33

bone has broken through skin

Question 34

steps of bone fracture repair

Answer 34

1. hematoma formation: phagocytes absorb fragments and bacteria
2. cartilage callus formation: break splintered by cartilage to form callus
3. bony callus formation: fibrocartilage replaced with bony callus made of spongy bone
4. bone remodeling: bony callus removed to form permanent bone repair

Question 35

anisotropic

Answer 35

structural property which gives different results depending on direction of force

Question 36

yield point

Answer 36

represents amount of stress applied to material that caused permanent deformation of tissue

Question 37

creep

Answer 37

deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time

Question 38

plastic

Answer 38

deformation of tissues that exists after the load is removed

Question 39

elastic

Answer 39

properties that llow a tissue to return to normal after a deformation

Question 40

necking

Answer 40

one segment starts to narrow, forming a “neck”
stress decreases on rest of structure but increases at neck

Question 41

rupture

Answer 41

neck becomes unstable and breaks

Question 42

strain hardening

Answer 42

bone/ligament/tendon becomes stronger as a result of forces which act on it

Question 43

crepitation

Answer 43

crackling feeling or sound at movement of bone

Question 44

referred pain

Answer 44

pain felt at sight different from site of actual injury

Question 45

trigger points

Answer 45

active: spontaneous pain/pain in response to movement
latent: sensitive spot with pain or discomfort only from compression

Question 46

effusion

Answer 46

swelling or collection of fluid in joint space

Question 47

edema

Answer 47

swelling at soft tissue

Question 48

contusion

Answer 48

bruised looking area with damage to blood vessel (less severe)

Question 49

ecchymosis

Answer 49

blood has leaked out of the capillary and into the layers of the skin (more severe)

Question 50

atrophy

Answer 50

loss of muscle

Question 51

scar tissue complication

Answer 51

low circulation–>weak–> prone to re-injury
high pain receptors–> sensitive
contracts during sleep

Question 52

steps of inflammation

Answer 52

in response to introduction of bacteria, toxins, or physical damage to tissue
1. foreign substances are isolated in area
2. blood vessels leak fluid (swelling); pushes on nerves and creates pain and tenderness
3. attracts phagocytes that eat germs and damaged cells

Question 53

kyphosis

Answer 53

hunchback, over-pronounced rounding in upper back

Question 54

ITBS

Answer 54

occurs when the fascia near your knee becomes irritated due to overuse and abnormal rubbing by the outer portion of the knee joint
results in pain, swelling and difficulty walking and runnning