sem 1 final Flashcards
goals of sports med
prevent, diagnose, and treat sports injuries
help athletes give their best performance
body systems and their functions (11)
- circulatory system: blood and nutrients
- lymphatic system: ger rid of toxins and fuel immune system
- respiratory system: provide oxygen
- integumentary system: (skin) protect from bacteria, infection, and damage
- endocrine system: control mood, growth development, organs, metabolism, etc
- gastrointestinal system: (digestive) digest and absorb food for nutrients
- urinary system: excrete waste via urine
- musculoskeletal system: give body structure, support, and movement
- nervous system: transmit signals between the brain and the body
- reproductive system: ensure survival of species
11: immune system: defend body against infection and protect body’s cells
how physical therapy helps athletes
helps recover from athletic injuries and improve performance
5 careers in sports med and how they help
- athletic trainer: prevent, diagnose, and treat injuries; manage training
- orthopedic surgeon: injuries of musculoskeletal system that require surgery
- kinesiologist: study movement and improve movement patterns
- strength and conditioning coach: development and implementation of training programs
- physical therapist: help recover and strengthen after an injury
ancient doctors who contributed to the discipline
Arharva Veda: ancient medical book from India
Herodicus of Megara: “father of modern medicine”
Hippocratic Oath
swear to gods to uphold professional ethical standards
contributions of Galen
“team physician” at the gladiatorial school of Pergamum
relationship between athletic performance, proper diet, and rest
how the Olympics revived sports med
Olympic Movement in 1896
ancient Rome and Greece prized sports competitions so young athletes were trained and educated
started having physicians specifically for sore muscles and injuries from sports
contributions of Bilik and Crammer Brothers
Bilik: wrote the “Trainer’s Bible” on athletic training
Crammer Brothers: 1920s, established 1st company to supply athletic training products
sports organizations (5)
- Federation of Sports Medicine
- American Medical Association
- 1954 American College of Sports Medicine (LARGEST)
- American Orthopedic Society
- National Athletic Trainers Association
supine vs prone
supine = lying face up
prone = lying face down
body cavities
body planes
imaging techniques
x-ray
MRI
CT scan
x-ray
x-ray wave through body
bones appear white (solid stuff is lighter)
done by radiologist
MRI imaging
magnetic field and radiowaves take photos
to diagnose soft tissue problems (muscles, tendons, and blood)
use body planes for information on organ positioning
CT images
uses x-rays that rotate around to form a 3D image
to diagnose bone and joint issues, organ problems blood flow, strokes, and cancer
movements on the sagittal plane
flexion and extension
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
exercises: back squat, bicep curl, front lunges, walking/running
movements on the frontal/coronal plane
abduction and adduction
elevation and depression
retraction and protraction
inversion (supination) and eversion (pronation) of ankles
jumping jacks, side lunges, side shuffles, side bents, lat arm raises
movements on the transverse plane
pronation (palm backwards) and supination of arm
rotation
horizontal abduction and adduction
swinging golf club, seated hip abduction and adduction, chest flys
lordosis/scoliosis
sideways curvature of the spine
atlas and axis
atlas: c1, supports head
axis: c2, allows movement
number vertebrae
24 (C7, T12, L5)
mesenchymal cells
change into other kinds of cells
osteoblasts
build bone tissue
osteoclasts
clean up old/damaged cell tissue
osteocytes
mature osteoblasts entrapped in matrix
Wolff’s Law
bones adapt and grow stronger under response to stress and strain
displaced fracture
bone breaks in 2 or more pieces and moves out of alignment
non-displaced fracture
bone breaks but does not move out of alignment
closed fracture
skin is not broken
open fracture
bone has broken through skin
steps of bone fracture repair
- hematoma formation: phagocytes absorb fragments and bacteria
- cartilage callus formation: break splintered by cartilage to form callus
- bony callus formation: fibrocartilage replaced with bony callus made of spongy bone
- bone remodeling: bony callus removed to form permanent bone repair
anisotropic
structural property which gives different results depending on direction of force
yield point
represents amount of stress applied to material that caused permanent deformation of tissue
creep
deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time
plastic
deformation of tissues that exists after the load is removed
elastic
properties that llow a tissue to return to normal after a deformation
necking
one segment starts to narrow, forming a “neck”
stress decreases on rest of structure but increases at neck
rupture
neck becomes unstable and breaks
strain hardening
bone/ligament/tendon becomes stronger as a result of forces which act on it
crepitation
crackling feeling or sound at movement of bone
referred pain
pain felt at sight different from site of actual injury
trigger points
active: spontaneous pain/pain in response to movement
latent: sensitive spot with pain or discomfort only from compression
effusion
swelling or collection of fluid in joint space
edema
swelling at soft tissue
contusion
bruised looking area with damage to blood vessel (less severe)
ecchymosis
blood has leaked out of the capillary and into the layers of the skin (more severe)
atrophy
loss of muscle
scar tissue complication
low circulation–>weak–> prone to re-injury
high pain receptors–> sensitive
contracts during sleep
steps of inflammation
in response to introduction of bacteria, toxins, or physical damage to tissue
1. foreign substances are isolated in area
2. blood vessels leak fluid (swelling); pushes on nerves and creates pain and tenderness
3. attracts phagocytes that eat germs and damaged cells
kyphosis
hunchback, over-pronounced rounding in upper back
ITBS
occurs when the fascia near your knee becomes irritated due to overuse and abnormal rubbing by the outer portion of the knee joint
results in pain, swelling and difficulty walking and runnning
