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BIOL1009 > Sem 1 Exam > Flashcards

Sem 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is a polyphyletic group

A

A group composed of organism in which the most recent common ancestor is not included.

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2
Q

Give an example of a polyphyletic group

A

Sea animals, as they do not all have a common ancestor

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3
Q

What is a monophyletic group

A

A group composed of all descendants

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4
Q

What is a paraphyletic group

A

All descendents of an ancestor is not included i.e incomplete clade

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5
Q

Difference between the terms sessile and motile

A

Sessile means not moving, motile means moving

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6
Q

Phylum; Porifera

A

Sponges

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7
Q

What is the osclum in a sponge?

A

The opening in which water exits the sponge

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8
Q

What is the ostium in a sponge?

A

The tiny openings over the sponge that draw in water

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9
Q

Name the four types of cells found in sponges

A

Epidermal cells
Chonocytes
Porocytes
Amoebocytes

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10
Q

Function of epidermal cells in sponge?

A

Outside of sponge

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11
Q

Function of choanocyte cells in sponge

A

Unicellular, have flagellum to move water

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12
Q

Function of porocytes cells in sponge

A

Cell with the purpose of being a hole

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13
Q

Function of amoebocytes cells in sponge

A

Can move round. Gives the sponge defence and supppot

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14
Q

What are spicules made up from

A

Silica and calcium carbonate (spongin)

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15
Q

What are spicules

A

Produced from ameobocytes, help with digestion, support, defence.

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16
Q

How do sponges reproduce

A

They are sequential hermaphrodites. Amoebocytes turn into egg cells or sperm cells.

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17
Q

The relationship between sponges and algae

A

Some sponges have algae which feed off the nitrogenous waste and supply the sponge with nutrients. This leads to bright colours.

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18
Q

Phylum; Cnidaria

A

Jellyfish, corals, hydra, bluebottles,

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19
Q

Difference between polyps and medusa

A

Polyps are sessile, medusa are motile

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20
Q

What does dimorphic mean

A

Can be polyp or medusa

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21
Q

Are Cnidarians diploblastic?

A

Yes, it means they have two cell layers.

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22
Q

What does diploblastic mean?

A

Two cell layers. Outside is the epidermal, gut lining is the endoderm.

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23
Q

What are the different Cnidarian cell types

A

Epithelio muscular cells
Sensory and nerve cells
Interstitial cells
Cnidocytes

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24
Q

Purpose of interstitial cells in cnidarians?

A

Unspecialised, can repair damage landform into different cell types.

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25
Q

Explain the process of cnidocytes in cnidarians?

A

Stinging cells.

A trigger triggers an influx of water, bursting the capsule.

Nematocyst shoots out, barbs bore into target.

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26
Q

Cnidarian movement

A

Muscle shortening and lengthening. They have a fixed volume of fluid in a. closed container, in which they push against it.

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27
Q

Explain the statocyst cell in Cnidarians

A

Gravity detecting cell

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28
Q

How do Cnidarians feed?

A

Catch food with tentacles.

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29
Q

What are the three classes of Cnidarians?

A

Hydrozoa - Hydras and polyps
Cubozoa
Anthozoa - Corals

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30
Q

What is triploblastic?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

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31
Q

Difference between elimination and excretion?

A

Elimination is expulsion of digested food waste, excretion is expulsion of metabolic waste products.

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32
Q

Phylum; Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms

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33
Q

Characteristics of Platyhelminthes

A

Heads, triploblastic, no circulatory and respiratory system.

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34
Q

What are the three classes of Platyhelminthes?

A

Turbellaria - plaria
Trematoda - Flukes
Cestoda - Tapeworm

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35
Q

Class Turbellaria; Characteristics

A 
Terrestrial/ fresh water / marine
Carnivorous
Hermaphroditic
Internal fertilisation
Totipotet cells
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36
Q

Class Trematoda and Cestoda

A

Parasitic
Two hosts
Juveniles develop in the intermediate host

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37
Q

Explain the life cycle for Schistosoma

A 
Adults get into veins around intestine
Get into a host
Eggs released in faeces
Eggs hatch infects snail
Asexually reproduces and escapes into water
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38
Q

Phylum; Mollusca

A

Snails and slugs

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39
Q

What is the shell made up of in a snail

A

CaCO3

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40
Q

What are. the radula in snails?

A

Teeth

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41
Q

How does a snail consume food?

A

Jaw ups of pice, radula grates it up.

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42
Q

What is in the mantle cavity of snails?

A

Respiratory pore, gills or lungs, heart, kidney and anus

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43
Q

Explain the difference between the respiratory system of flatworms and molluscs

A

Flatworms use their skin for gas exchanged. Molluscs have gills or lungs that are compartmentalised.

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44
Q

What is special about mollusc circulatory systems?

A 
Mollusc blood is haemolyph
Contains hemocyanin (two copper ions)
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45
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

Snails, slugs and nudibranchs

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46
Q

What is torsion in snails?

A

When there is movement of mantle cavity. The body twists 180 degrees and is caused by even muscle growth.

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47
Q

What is spermatophore

A

package of sperm surrounded by a protective coating.

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48
Q

What is spermatheca

A

The container in female reproductive system that stores sperm.

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49
Q

Class; Polyplacophora

A

Chitons

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50
Q

Characteristics of Polyplacophora

A

8 dorsal plates
Oval body
Radula eas algae
Strong foot for attachment

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51
Q

Class Bivalvia

A

Clams, muscles, oysters

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52
Q

Class; Cephalopoda

A

Squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus and ammonites

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53
Q

Characteristics of Cephalopoda

A

Active predators, mantle cavity used for movement. Can learn and teach

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54
Q

How does Cephalopoda move?

A

Water goes over the gills, through siphon. Siphon steers and sues jet propulsion.

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55
Q

Order; Teuthida

A

Squids

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56
Q

Order; Octopoda

A

Octopus

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57
Q

Order; Sepiida

A

Cuttlefish

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58
Q

Order; Nautilida

A

Nautilus

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59
Q

Order; Ammonitida

A

Ammonites

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60
Q

Phylum; Annelida

A

Segmented worms

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61
Q

Annelida characteristics

A

Triploblastic

Gut runs through whole animal

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62
Q

Class; Oligochaeta

A

Earthworms

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63
Q

Characteristics of Oligochaeta

A

Aerate soil
Hermaphroditic
Reduced Head
Reduced parapodia

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64
Q

Oligochaeta reproduction

A

Mutual sperm transfer
Transfers sperm into other worms spermatheca
Cocoon secreted from clitellum moves forward and releases 10 to 20 eggs

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65
Q

Circulatory system of Oligochaeta

A 
Dorsal vessel, ventral vessel.
Wrapping vessels in each segment 
Dorsal vessel is pumping blood forward
Ventral vessel has blood moving backwards
Surface respiration
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66
Q

Classs; Polychaeta

A

Bristle worms, tube worms

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67
Q

Class; Hirdinea

A

Leeches

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68
Q

Characteristics of Hirudinea

A 
Parasitic
No Chaetae
Mostly fresh water
32 segments
Anterior and posterior suckers
Secrete anaesthetic hirudin
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69
Q

Phylum; Athropoda

A

Insects and spiders

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70
Q

Three tagmata

A

Insects have three tagmata
Head
Thorax
Abdomen

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71
Q

Tagmata of arachnids

A

Cehalothorax and abdomen

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72
Q

Exoskeleton of athropoda

A

Made ofr chitin and protein

Rigid or flexible

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73
Q

Functions of exoskeleton

A

Provides protection, muscles attachment, protection from desiccation

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74
Q

What is chitin made from

A

Cellulsoe

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75
Q

Explain the joints of arthropods

A

Hollow tubes of chitin

Internal muscles

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76
Q

What is ecdysis

A

Essential for growth since chitin doesn’t grow

Growth is in steps

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77
Q

Explain the open circulator system of arthropods

A

Organs bathed in blood
Blood leaves hart in Cartier’s; into haemocoel
Back into heart through Ostia in heart wall

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78
Q

Arachnids and book lungs

A

Have lungs that have pages with a pore that air fills

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79
Q

Sub phylum; Chelcieriformes

A

Arachnids, scorpions, spiders

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80
Q

Class; Arachnida

A

Ticks, crabs, spiders, scorpions

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81
Q

Order Acari

A

Ticks and mites

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82
Q

Order Xiphosura

A

Horseshoe crabs

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83
Q

Order Araneidae

A

Spiders

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84
Q

Order Scorpions

A

Scorpions

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85
Q

Pedipalps

A

Pincers in scorpions, arms in spiders

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86
Q

Chelicerae

A

Poison gland

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87
Q

Ho do spiders eat?

A

Spit out digestive enzymes

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88
Q

How do spiders produce silk?

A

Silk gland proces liquid silk
Tubes to spinnerets (tubes remove water)
Thick liquid silk arrives at spinnerets
Hardens when pulled out of spinneret

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89
Q

Class; Diplopoda

A

Millipedes and centipedes

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90
Q

Subphylum; Hexapoda

A

Springtails, insects

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91
Q

Difference between millipedes and centipedes

A

Millipedes have two pairs of eggs per diplosegment

Centipedes have 1 pair of legs per segment

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92
Q

Characteristics of insecta

A

3 pairs of legs
2 pairs off wings
Compound eyes

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93
Q

How do fleas jump?

A

Resilin ball between thorax and back leg
As muscles contract their squish the resin ball
Catch holds it in a cocked position
When released it is 140G

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94
Q

Difference between dragonflies and damselflies

A

Dragonflies have wings horizontal at rest; damselflies wigs are vertical at rest

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95
Q

Phylum; Echinodermata

A

Starfish

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96
Q

Explain the anatomy of tube feet in echinodermata

A

They have ampulla, podium and valves

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97
Q

What is the purpose of Ampulla?

A

Muscles around fluid filled bulb

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98
Q

What is the purpose of podium?

A

Extendable fluid filled tube with sucker like tip

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99
Q

Purpose of valves in tube feet?

A

Sealed volume of fluid

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100
Q

Explain the process of extension and gripping with tube feet?

A

Valves close, ampulla muscles contract, fluid forced into podium, podium elongated, suckers attach.

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101
Q

Explain the process of retraction g with tube feet?

A

Suckers release, muscles relax, fluid flows back into the ampulla, podium retracts and bends

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102
Q

Explain the eating process for a starfish

A

Eat mussels, using tube feet they pry the mussel open and spit in digestive enzymes so its killed and fully opens up.

103
Q

What is pentaradiate symmetry

A

Form of radial symmetry based on a plan of five

104
Q

What symmetry d starfish have

A

Pentaradiate symmetry

Larvae have bilaterally symmetry

105
Q

Class; Asteroida

A

Starfish / sea stars

106
Q

Characteristics of Asteroidea

A

Can’t be killed by chopping them up

Five arms

107
Q

Explain the feeding habits of starfish

A

Most eat bivalves, some species eat corals.

108
Q

How do starfish eat oral?

A

Evert stomach onto oral, digest polyps and suck up juice.

109
Q

Gender difference between starfish?

A

Can be male or female, with gonads in one fo the feet

110
Q

Class; Holothuroidea

A

Sea cucumbers

111
Q

Class; Concentricycloidea

A

Sea daisies

112
Q

Class; Echinoidea

A

Sea urchins

113
Q

Characteristics of Echinoidea

A

Tube feet
Pedicellaria
Mouth

114
Q

Explain the defence mechanism of Echinoidea

A

Spines are movable due to ball and socket joints. This also allows them to walk

115
Q

Explain the reproduction process for echinodea

A

External fertilisation.

Asexual reproduction is rage

116
Q

How do echinodea excrete?

A

Amoeboid cells absorb waste and jump off

117
Q

Phylum; Hemichordata

A

Acorn worms

118
Q

Characteristics of Hemichordata

A

Marine
Intertidal
Sedentary
Show echinoderm and chordate characteristics

119
Q

What makes a chordate a chordate?

A

Dorsal tubular nerve chord
Notochord
Pharyneal pouches and gill slits
Postanal tails

120
Q

Explain why hemichordate are not really the vertebrates

A

They only have gill slits and dorsal tubular nerve chord

121
Q

Subphylum; Utchordata

A

In the phylum chordata

Sea squirts

122
Q

Characteristics of sea squirts?

A

Covered in a tunic made from cellulose

Notochord in the tail

123
Q

Explain the evolution of vertebrates from invertebrates

A

Gill slits and dorsal nerve chord evolved first
Notochord and postnatal tail evolved in the larval stage of sea squirt like animals
All vertebrates descended from the larva of a sea squirt

124
Q

Subphylum; Cephalochordata

A

Lancelets

From phylum of chordate

125
Q

Explain the characteristics of cephalochordate

A

5 to 7cm long

126
Q

What are Agatha

A

Jawless vertebrates

127
Q

Gnathostomata

A

All other vertebrates

128
Q

Class; Myxini

A

Hagfish

129
Q

Characteristics of Myxini

A

Produce slime
Jawless
Live at deep sea depths
Are in osmotic equilibrium with water

130
Q

Explain the feeding habits of Myxini

A

Marine scavengers, feed and eat or dying fish

131
Q

Explain the reproductive biology of Myxini

A

Both male and female gonads are found in the same animal, but only functional with direct development

132
Q

How many hearts does a hagfish have?

A

3

133
Q

Class; Cephalapidomorphi

A

Lampreys

Phylum Chordata

134
Q

Characteristics of cephalapidomorphi

A

Jawless
Fresh and brackish water
Breeds in rivers
Parasitic to fish

135
Q

Why did jaws evolve?

A

Biting is useful for feeding

Teeth make a good weapon

136
Q

How did jaws evolve?

A

Evoled form a modification of the first pair of gill arches

This was called the mandibular arch

137
Q

What are placoderm fish?

A

Plate skin fish

No teeth just bony plates

138
Q

Characteristics of sharks and rays

A

No bone tissue

Skeleton is all cartilage

139
Q

How many gill slits in shark

A

5 to 7 pairs

140
Q

Sharks and swim bladders

A

Have no swim bladder so they sink

141
Q

How do sharks and rays locate prey?

A

Using bio electricity

Can also use this to detect currents

142
Q

How do great with sharks retain heat?

A

Using deep red muscle activity rather than loosing it through the gills

143
Q

Where are bio electricity receptors located on sharks and rays?

A

Located in pits on their south

144
Q

Class; Actinopterygii

A

Ray finned fishes

Bony fish

145
Q

What is the most diverse group of vertebrates?

A

Actinopterygii

146
Q

Why are actinopterygii so successful?

A

Evolution of an operculum which increases the respiratory efficiency due to negative pressure
Two pairs of ventral fins - More range of motion
Great diversity in body form - In nearly every aquatic habitat

147
Q

Order Coelacanthinformes

A

Coelacanth

148
Q

Order; Dipnoi

A

Lungfishes

149
Q

Characteristics of Dipnoi

A 
Have true lungs
Share characteristics with amphibians 
Can survive drought
Need air to breath
Can walk between ponds
150
Q

Who are the ancestor of terrestrial vertebrates?

A

Lungfish

151
Q

What are the issues Tod eat with in a terrestrial environment?

A

Oxygen is 20 times more abundant in air
Air is 100x less buoyant
Larger temperature fluctuations
Large habitat diversity

152
Q

Characteristics of Lissamphibias

A

Bony skeleton
Usually four limbs
Smooth and moist skin
Lungs

153
Q

Order; Caudata

A

Salamanders and Newts

154
Q

Characteristics of Caudata

A

Locomotion f living amphibians
Four limbs
Internal fertilisation
Carnivorous

155
Q

Breeding biology of salamanders

A

Most have a form of internal fertilisation
Use spermatophores
Most are direct developers

156
Q

Order; Gymnophiona

A

Caecilians

157
Q

Characteristics of Gymnophona

A 
No legs
Found in tropics
Only living amphibians with dermal scales 
Adults lack gills
Blind
Burrowing feeders
Sit and wait predators
158
Q

Breeding biology of caecilians

A

Internal fertilisation

Male has copulatory organ

159
Q

What does viviparous mean?

A

Embryo is inside parent

160
Q

Explain caecillians being viviparous

A

Developing young use special foetal teeth and chew on continuously regenerating oviduct lining

161
Q

Order; Anura

A

Frogs

162
Q

What are the four morphotypes of frogs

A

Semiaquatic
Terrestrial
Burrowers
Aboreal

163
Q

Semiaquatic frogs

A

Streamlined, pointed sea, slim body, webbed feet

164
Q

Terrestrial frogs

A

Heavy bodies, short legs, crawl rather than hop

165
Q

Burrowers

A

Even more stout, strong limbs

166
Q

Aboreal

A

Long legs, slim waist and blunt head

167
Q

Difference between frogs and toads?

A

Toads are frogs with rougher skin and can endure dryer environments

168
Q

Th three respiration surfaces of frogs

A

Lungs
Mouth (buccal breathing)
Skin (cutaneous breathing)

169
Q

Explain skin characteristics of frogs

A

Skin is very thin and moist
Toads have keratin for hardness
Skin is highly glandular with mucous glands and serous glands

170
Q

Explain the skeletal system of frogs

A

Zygopophyses on vertebrates to stop lateral flexion
Rear vertebrae fused into a rod
Powerful pelvis

171
Q

Breeding biology of frogs

A

External fertilisation
Eggs must be moist
Embryos go through larval stage and then metamorphose into adult stage
5% survival

172
Q

Order; Testudines

A

Turtles

173
Q

Major characteristics of testudines

A 
No teeth
Trunk encased in shell
Layers of keratin are laid down beneath as turtle grows
10 turns vertebrae
Poor hearing
Internal fertilisation
Temperature dependent sex determination
174
Q

Order; Squamata

A

Reptiles

175
Q

Characteristics of squamata

A

Diapsid skull with two temporal openings

176
Q

Suborder; Amphisbaenia

A

Legless squamates

177
Q

Characteristics of Amphisbaenia

A 
Burrowers
Similar to earthworms
One lung
Annuli rings
Can move forward and backwords
178
Q

Suborder; Lacertillia

A

Lizards

179
Q

Characteristics of Lacertillia

A 
Extremely diverse
Movable eyelids
External ear
Tail autonomy 
Parental care is rare
180
Q

What are the four major groups of lizards??

A

Iguanids
Geckos
Skinks
Anguiniphorphs

181
Q

Iguanids

A

Iguaas and chameleons

182
Q

Anguiniphorphs

A

Goannas an Gila monster

183
Q

Characteristics of snakes

A 
No limbs
Inner ear
No movable eyelids
Have a vomeronasal organ
Highly kinetic skull 
Move by lateral undulation
184
Q

Proteroglyphous

A

Front fanged snake

185
Q

Opisthoglyphous

A

Rear fanged snake

186
Q

Solenoglyphous

A

Folded front fanged snak

187
Q

Aglyphous

A

Non venomous

188
Q

Suborder; Archosaura

A

Crocodiles and alligators

189
Q

Family; Crocodylidae

A

Crocodiles

190
Q

Family; Alligatoridae

A

Alligators and caiman

191
Q

Family; Gavialidae

A

Gharials

192
Q

Characteristics of crocodiles

A

Cranial pneumatic system
Valve at base of tongue to seal mouth from nasal passage
Valved nostrils
Transparent third eyelid

193
Q

Explain crocodile skin

A

Thick scaly skin with numerous large osteoderms

194
Q

Explain crocodile buoyancy

A 
M manipulation of air in lungs
Have gastroliths (stomach stones)
195
Q

What are the four hypothesis of feathers evolving from scales

A

1: Arose a heat retaining method
2: Arose to protect cold blooded dinosaurs from heat
3: Arose to attract mates
4: As a net to catch insects

196
Q

Where did wings originate from?

A

Archaeopteryx lithographica

197
Q

Explain how the Archaeopteryx could not fly

A

Did not have sternum
No air sacs
Bones in wings were not fused

198
Q

Two models for the development of flight

A

Aboreal Model

Cursorial model

199
Q

What is the Aboreal Model?

A

Flight involving the downward beating of wings evolved from gliding.
This evolved from animals that climbed and leaped.
Assumes the Archaeopteryx were able to climb trues which is true.

200
Q

What is the Cursorial Model?

A

Flight arose among bipedal animals making jumps and flapping their forelegs.

201
Q

Major characteristics of birds

A 
Feathers
Forelimbs modified for flying
Ossified skeleton
No teeth
Warm blooded
All birds lay eggs
202
Q

What were the two major adaption for bird flight?

A

Increase in power and decrease in weight

203
Q

How have birds evolved to increase in power?

A 
Warm blooded is more efficient
Larger heart and BPM
High metabolism 
Greater fusion of bones
Low centre of gravity
Feathers anchored to skeleton
204
Q

Explain the efficient respiration system of birds

A

Most efficient respiratory system of any vertebrate

Air sacs, allowing air to pass over lungs twice.

205
Q

How have birds evolved to decrease weight?

A

Hollow bones
Skeleton weighs less than the feathers
No bladder
One large egg at a time

206
Q

Explain the mechanics for bird flight

A

Wings for lift and support

Tail for steering

207
Q

Why do birds migrate

A

Increases amount fo space for breeding and feeding
Reduces territorial behaviour
Fewer predators
Favour homeostasis

208
Q

How do birds migrate?

A

Navigate by sight, sun, stars and Earth’s gravitational field

209
Q

What are Altrical birds?

A

Birds that need care

210
Q

What are the three groups of Mammalia?

A

Monotremes
Marsupials
Eutherians

211
Q

Major characteristics of mammal

A 
Body covered with har
Has glands
Endothermic
Large brain
Placenta
4 chambered heart
Highly social
Skull and skeleton
7 cervical vertebrae
212
Q

What are some Monotremes?

A

Platypus

Echnida

213
Q

What are some unique characteristics of monotremes?

A

No nipples
No vagina
Males have a venomous spur on each ankle

214
Q

Marsupial examples

A

Kangaroo

Wallabee

215
Q

Explain reproduction for marsupials

A

Females have a pouch that encloses the nipples
Young are in a pouch
Suckling is continuous
Marsupial gestation is followed by lactation

216
Q

Difference between eutherian and marsupial gestation and lactation periods

A

Marsupials have short gestation period but long lactation period. Eutherian is the opposite.

217
Q

Four major groups of Australian marsupials?

A

Darsyuromorphia (devils)
Peramelemorphia (bandicoots)
Diprotodontia (possums, koala)
Notoryctemorphia (mole)

218
Q

What does gastrodemris mean?

A

Inner lining for cells in gastric tract

219
Q

What is the gastrovascular cavity?

A

The cavity inside anemone body that is water filled.

220
Q

What are the three cell layers to a jellyfish?

A

Gastrodermis is in the inside
Mesoglea in the middle
Epidermis is the outside

221
Q

Statocyst

A

Gravity detection cell in which. all rolls around and touch share inside the cell

222
Q

What are zooxanthellae

A

Golden brown algae

223
Q

Explain global warming and its effect on corals

A

Temperature increases causes corals to drive out algae and leads to bleaching

224
Q

What does cilia mean in platyhelminthes

A

On the outside of flatworms are little hairs called cilia that help them move or stick

225
Q

What is cephalisation

A

Where brain and sensory organs are at the front of the animal, such as in flatworms

226
Q

What is a totipotent cell?

A

A cell capable of fertilisation and individual by itself

227
Q

Taenia solium

A

Pig human tapeworm

228
Q

Life cycle of taenia solium

A

Intermediate host is pig. Cysts are formed in muscle tissue,
When eaten meat with cysts in can live in human gut for 1 to 12 metres long.
Causes cysticercosis when human eat faeces wth eggs

229
Q

Spongocoel

A

The internal cavity of the sponge

230
Q

What is an amniotic egg?

A

An air breathing egg

231
Q

What are craniates

A

Vertebrates with a skull of hardline or cartiledge

232
Q

Diapsids

A

A group of tetrapods that developed two holes in their skull either side.

233
Q

Synapids

A

Skull with a single opening such as humans

234
Q

Osteichthyans

A

Bony fish

235
Q

What defines a tetrapod?

A

Have limbs homologous to those of fleshy finned fishes

236
Q

What structures was the first vertebrate jaws derived from?

A

The pharyngeal arches supporting the gills of jawless fish.

237
Q

What is the operculum

A

The bony flap that covers the gills

238
Q

What are amniotes

A

Fully terrestrial vertebrates

239
Q

Are amniotes monophyletic?

A

Yes, unlike reptiles they are fully monophyletic.

240
Q

What is the Jacobson organ?

A

In snakes, used for processing and communicating chemical messengers.

241
Q

What is the similarity between crocodilian and mammalian skulls?

A

Secondary Palate. This is the bone that seperate the nose from the mouth.

242
Q

What is the major difference between the Actinopterygii and the Sarcopterygii?

A

Sarcopteryggi have lobbed fines while Actinopterygii have ray fins.

243
Q

Eutharians vs marsupials?

A

Eutherian males have a venomous spur. Eutharians do not have a pouch.
Marsupials have a longer lactation period while Eutharians have a longer gestation period.

244
Q

Explain the bird and reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx

A 
Had teeth like reptiles. 
Had a flat sternum unlike birds.
Had a bone tail
No hollow bones
No sternum
245
Q

Name some diapsid animals?

A

Reptiles, lizards, crocodilians.

246
Q

Explain the Urochordata and chordate similarities and differences?

A

Only chordate that reproduces asexually and sexually.
Only chordate that does not have a proper body cavity.
Has no excretion, just uses diffusion.

247
Q

What is the earliest true vertebrate?

A

Urochordata (sea squirts)

248
Q

When are vertebrate characteristics evident in Urochordata.

A

Only in larval form. The notochord and postnatal tail are lost after metamorphosis.

249
Q

What is a urostyle

A

Rear vertebrae that is fused into a rod. Unique to frogs.

250
Q

What are features of Archaeopteryx that are displayed in modern birds?

A

Scales on legs
Medially fused clavicles
Bipedle
Feathers identical

251
Q

Could Archaeopteryx fly?

A

No sternum.
Nor air sacs
Bones in wings not fused well.

252
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Present in snakes, is a social organ.

253
Q

What allows snakes to have a highly kinetic jaw?

A

Quadrate bone

254
Q

Difference between serous and mucous glands?

A

Serous are venomous

Mucous secrete protective waterproofing.

BIOL1009 (4 decks)

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