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BIOL1009 > Invertebrates > Flashcards

Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of surface area

A

Membrane transport, gas exchange, heat exchange and nutrient exchange

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2
Q

Surface Area vs Volume

A

As an animal gets larger, its surface area gets relatively smaller.

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3
Q

Multicellular animals

A

Have multiple cell types that need each other.

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4
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Have division of labour

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5
Q

Sessile vs Motile

A

Sessile animals don’t move, motile animals move around.

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6
Q

Phylum

A

Major grouping of animals that share a body plan.

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7
Q

Phylum Porifera - Sponges

A

Oceans, attached to firm surfaces.

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8
Q

Spongocel

A

Cavity inside the sponge

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9
Q

Osculum

A

Large opening into the cavity at the top of the sponge

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10
Q

The four types of cells in sponges

A

Epidermal cells (outside), choanocytes (unicellular), porocytes (purpose is to be a hole), ameobocytes (can move within cells)

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11
Q

Amoebocytes

A

Move around outside the sponge, give skeleton support, defence. They are made up of silica, calcium carbonate or spongin.

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12
Q

Amoebocytes and defence

A

Have a spiky texture and hope with digestion, transport waste, reproduction and transport oxygen.

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13
Q

Sponges as hermaphrodites

A

Amoebocytes turn into gg cells and sperm cells from amoebocytes or choanocytes. This finds a way into another sponge. Choanocyte engulf it, passes it to an amoebocyte and then carries the egg cell in mesophyll.

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14
Q

Choanocytes

A

Unicellular, have a tail (flagellum) to move water. They can communicate with amoebocytes.

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15
Q

Why are sponges folded

A

To increase surface area, more choanocyte, more water movement, more oxygen and food.

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16
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Some sponges house photosynthetic organisms. These use nitrogenous waste products from sponge and supply it with nutrients leading to bright colours.

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17
Q

Phylum of Cnidaria

A

Jellyfish, corals, hydra, bluebottles and anemones. Cnidarians are diploblastic.

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18
Q

Medusae cnidaria

A

Means motile

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19
Q

Dimorphic cnidaria

A

Polyp (sedentary) or medusa (Motile)

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20
Q

Diploblastic

A

Two cell layers; outside is epidermis and gut lining is endoderm.

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21
Q

Cnidarian cells

A

Epithelio muscular cells, sensory and nerve cells, interstitial cells, cnidocytes.

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22
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Stinger cells, have a trigger, barb, capsule, nematocyst and cell contents.

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23
Q

Cnidocyte triggering process

A

Trigger activation changes capsule permeability, rapid inflow of water, capsule expands and Burts. The nematocyst shoots out with a poison tube. The barbs bore into the target and toxins are injected.

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24
Q

How to remove nematocysts

A

Sea water remove sun triggered cnidocutes, vinegar inactivates the untriggered cnidocytes.

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25
Q

Gastroderm

A

Inside surface and is made up of nutritive muscular cells.

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26
Q

Cnidarian movement

A

Muscle shortening and lengthening. There is a fixed volume of liquid in a closed container, muscle push against it and therefore change shape.

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27
Q

Cnidarian feeding

A

Tentacles catch food, undigested food is released through mouth.

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28
Q

Cnidarian reproduction

A

Asexual or sexual.

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29
Q

Statocyst cell

A

Gravity detection cell.

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30
Q

Medusa reproduction

A

Ephyra -> Medusa -> Sexual reproduction by broadcasting zygotes into the water -> Planula lavae-> Polyp -> Forms strobila -> Asexual reproduction by the floating strobila.

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31
Q

Cnidarian classes

A

Hydrozoa - Hydra and polyp
Cubpza - Have eyes
Anthozoa - Corals

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32
Q

Anthozoa

A

No medusa stages sexual reproduction, have zooxanthellae.

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33
Q

Coral bleaching

A

Occurs when warming impede algal function.

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34
Q

Tripoblastic cell layers

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Mesoderm is in between the ectoderm and endoderm.

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35
Q

Elimination vs Expulsion

A

Expulsion of undigested food waste (faeces), expulsion of metabolic waste products (water and electrolytes).

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36
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Have heads, tripoblastic, no circulatory or respiratory system. Oxygen is absorbed through the skin however the skin must be wet.

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37
Q

Class Turbellaria

A

Free living, terrestrial or fresh water, flatworms, mostly carnivores.

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38
Q

Flatworm systems

A

Movement with ventral cilia, reproduction are hermaphroditic.

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39
Q

Totipotent Cells

A

Regeneration

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40
Q

Gastroderm

A

Is the inside surface

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41
Q

Nutritive muscular cells

A

Cells with elongated tanks with contractile fibres

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42
Q

Gland cells

A

Secrete digestive enzymes

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43
Q

Interstitial cells

A

Same as the outer surface

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44
Q

Nerve cells

A

Similar to outer surface

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45
Q

Feeding for cnidarians

A

Tentacles catch for and stuff it into mouth. Undigested food is released through the mouth.

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46
Q

Reproduction in cnidarians

A

Asexual is called budding, sexual is dioecious.

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47
Q

Medusas and gravity detection

A

They have a statocyst cell. The statolith Cana effect sensory neurone by rolling around in the cell.

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48
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Ephyra > Medusa -> Sexual reproduction with zygotes in the water -> Planula lava -> Polyp -> Forms strobila -> Asexual reproduction

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49
Q

Cnidarian classes

A

Hydrozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa

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50
Q

Trematoda and Cestoda

A

Parasitic

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51
Q

Hosts of Trematoda and Cestoda

A

Juveniles develop in the intermediate host, adults are in the definitive host

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52
Q

Trematode Genus Schistosoma

A

About 20 species affecting mammals, causes schistosomiasis.

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53
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Lives in blood vessels, causes enlarged liver and fluid accumulated.

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54
Q

Life cycle of schistosome

A

Adult in veins around intestine, get into hosts eggs released in faeces, eggs hatch miracidium infects snail, asexual reproduction and escapes in water.

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55
Q

Cestoda

A

Have 2 hosts, produce large amount of eggs, hermaphroditic.

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56
Q

Cestoda anatomy

A

Head = Proglottids, tail is old egg filled.

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57
Q

Taenia solium

A

Pig human tapeworm, intermediate host is a pig where cysts form in muscle tissue. Can live in human gut and passed through access. If humans eat faeces with eggs, the human can become the intermediate host.

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58
Q

Echinococcus granulises

A

Can cause cysts in humans

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59
Q

Embryogenesis

A

The development of the embryo follow fertiziliation.

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60
Q

Protosomes development

A

The blastopore becomes the mouth .

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61
Q

Deuterostomes development

A

The blastopore becomes the anus

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62
Q

Body cavity

A

Fluid filled space in mesoderm and the fluid cushions the organs.

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63
Q

Body cavity in triploblastic animals

A

Pseudocoelom and coelom

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64
Q

Pseudocoelom

A

Between gastroderm and mesoderm

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65
Q

Coelom

A

Within mesoderm

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66
Q

Phylum - Mollusca

A

Huge diversity, triploblastic and 95% marine.

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67
Q

Shell of Mollusca

A

External, internal and made up of CaCo3.

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68
Q

Function of shell mollusca

A

Protection, burrowing, exoskeleton and buoyancy.

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69
Q

Formation of Mollusca shell

A

Produced by mantles and grows at aperture (growth rings)

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70
Q

Radula

A

Odonotphore is the solid support for the teeth, they are replaced from the rear.

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71
Q

Mouth of mollusca

A

Jaw cuts up piece, radula grates up and used in grazing etc.

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72
Q

Mantle cavity

A

Responsible for respiratory pore, gills/lungs, heart, kidney and anus

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73
Q

Mantle

A

Specialised epidermis that secretes shell. Respiratory pore inside the mantle cavity.

74
Q

Mollusca vs flatworms

A

Flatworms have gas exchange through surface. Exertion is through flame bulbs and nephridiopores.
Molluscs have gills and lungs. They are compartmentalised.

75
Q

Mollusc circulatory system

A

Heart and blood vessels, mollusc blood is called haemolymph.

76
Q

Haemolymph

A

Carries waste and oxygen. Does not contain red blood cells, instead as hemocyanin which is a protein attached to two copper ions.

77
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

Snails, slugs and nudibranchs. Has eyes, tentacles and mucus glands.

78
Q

Snails

A

Has visceral mass organs inside the shell. Torsion occurs during gastropod development.

79
Q

Snails and systems

A

Digestive system as digestive enzyme glands which secretes enzymes. Brain is in ring around tract behind mouth. Nerve fibres branch throughout the body. Hermaphrodtic and as a genital pore on the neck.

80
Q

Spermatophore

A

Package of sperm surrounded any gelatinous protective coat.

81
Q

Spermatheca

A

Container in female reproductive system that stores sperm from another individual.

82
Q

Copulation pouch

A

Digests excess sperm

83
Q

Flagellum

A

Binds sperm into spermatophores

84
Q

Ovotestis

A

Produces Bothe eggs and sperm

85
Q

Albumin gland

A

Produces yolk for eggs

86
Q

Finger gland

A

Produces mucus for spermatophore movement

87
Q

Larval forms in snails

A

Trochophore larva, veliger larva

88
Q

Nudibranches

A

Gastropods and carnivores withe eggs laid in spirals.

89
Q

Dorids vs aeolids

A

Dorids have flattened bodies and eat poriferans

Aeolids have elongated bodies, eat cnidarians.

90
Q

Class- polyplacophora

A

Chitons, oval body, 8 dorsal plates, inter-tidal zone, strong foot attachment against waves. Very slow crawl.

91
Q

Class bivalvia (clams)

A

Two valves to shell, hinge and adductor muscles. Lost radula. Gills hang in mantle cavity.

92
Q

Clam collecting oxygen

A 
Water in current siphon.
Mantle cavity
Gills
Ex-current siphon
Adductor muscles
Muscular foot
Palp
Anus
93
Q

Clam muscles

A

Siphons and byssall threads

94
Q

Cephalopoda

A

Squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus and ammonites.
Active predators
Mantle cavity used for movement

95
Q

Cephalopoda movement

A

Water goes into mantle cavity, over gills, through siphon. Siphon is for steering and jet propulsion.

96
Q

Order Teuthida

A

Squids, internal shell, 8 arms and 2 tentacles.

97
Q

Order Octopoda

A

8 arms, venomous and highly intelligent.

98
Q

Order Sepiida

A

Cuttlefish, internal shell for flotation, speak in colour, sepia ink.

99
Q

Order nautilida

A

6 living species, external shell, chambers called camerae.

100
Q

Order Ammonitida

A

Ammonites, extinct.

101
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

Segmented worms, triploblastic, coelomates and bilateral smmetry

102
Q

Segments of annelida

A

Each segment has is own coelom and its own muscles. Gut runs through the whole animals.

103
Q

Class Oligochaeta

A

Reduced head, reduced parapodia. Earthwroms. Aerate soil and break down detritus. Hermaphroditic

104
Q

Oligochaeta and reproduction

A

Mutual sperm transfer, clitellum secretes mucous sheath around both worms. Transfer sperm into other worms spermatheca.

	○ Transfer sperm into other worm's spermatheca
	○ Worm secretes cocoon from clitellum
	○ Cocoon moves forwards
	○ As it passes female gonopore; releases 10-20 eggs
	○ As it passes spermatheca opening, releases sperm
	○ Carries on forward to head. 
	○ Front pinches closed as it leaves head
	○ Back pinches closed as it leaves head
	○ Cocoon laid in soil (many cocoons from each mating)
105
Q

Nervous system in oligochaete

A

Cerebral ganglion around pharynx. One nerve cord.

106
Q

Circulatory system in oligochaete

A

Dorsal vessel, ventral vessel. Wrapping vessels in each segment. Five wrapping vessels are an enlarged heart.

107
Q

Dorsal vessels in earthworms

A

Pumping food forward. Ventral vessel has blood moving backwards. These allow respiratory across skin surface.

108
Q

Digestive system in earthworms

A

Mouth and anus go through septa. Gut has peristalsis muscles.

109
Q

Excretory system in earthworms

A

Typhlosole, indentation of gut. Metanephridum, a pair in each segment.

110
Q

Class Polychaeta

A

Bristle worms, tube worms and Christmas tree worms.

111
Q

Parapodia

A

Paddles on each segment, in Polychaeta worms.

112
Q

Chaetae

A

Chittin

113
Q

Class Hirudinea

A

Leeches, parasitic or predators. No chateau. Mostly fresh water. Attach to host. Anterior and posterior suckers.

114
Q

Anatomy Hirudinea

A

32 segments that look like annular rings. Blade-like jaws to slice skin and secretes anaesthetic.

115
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

Trophoblastic, coelomate and bilateral symmetry,

116
Q

Coelomate

A

Body cavity with coelum.

117
Q

Segmentation in arthropoda

A

Body is divided into segments, repeated organs and limbs. Some segments are fused.

118
Q

Tagmata

A

Segments are fused. Insects have three magmata; head, thorax and abdomen. Arachnids have two magmata; cephalothorax and abdomen.

119
Q

Exoskeleton in arthropoda

A

Made up of chitin and protein. Can be rigid or flexible to facilitate movement. Provides protection, muscles attachment and protection from desiccation.

120
Q

Chitin

A

Is made of cellulose, chitin isa polymer of acetyglucosamine.

121
Q

Jointed appendages

A

Hollow tubes and chitin. Flexible joints. Internal muscles.

122
Q

Ecdysis

A

Essential for growth, since chitin doesn’t grow. Growth is in steps.

123
Q

Open circulatory system in arachnids

A

Organs are bathed in blood, blood leaves heart in arteries into haemocoel. Back into heart through Ostia in heart wall.

124
Q

Respiratory system in arachnids

A

Surface area and desiccation with thin and moist membranes,

125
Q

Sub Phylum Cheliceriformers

A

Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites and horseshoe crabs. have a cephalothorax and abdomen. Simple eyes with singles lens

126
Q

Chelicerae

A

Claw like feeding appendages

127
Q

Ticks

A

Ectoparasitic and bloodsuckers

128
Q

Class Xiphorusa

A

Horseshoe crabs.

129
Q

Sub Phylum Cheliceriformes

A

Major subdivision of arthropoda

130
Q

Class Arachnida

A

Order Acari = Ticks
Order Xiphorusa = Horseshoea crabs
Order Araneidae = Spiders
Order Scorpions - Scorpions

131
Q

Scorpions

A

Pedipalps = Pincers
Tail tip with poisonous stinger
Fluorescence under UV light

132
Q

Spiders

A

Chelicerae - Poison gland
Pedipalps hold food
Spit out digestive enzymes and sucks up liquids

133
Q

Spider webs and milk

A

Stronger than steel, silk gland produces liquid silk. Tubes to spinnerets.

134
Q

Spinnerets

A

Thick liquid silk arrives at spinnerets in 2 to 8 days.

135
Q

Subphylum Hexapoda

A

Springtailsand insects

136
Q

Class insecta

A

Contains the only flying invertebrates. Compound eyes.

137
Q

Insecta excretory system

A

Referred to Malpighian tubules wich remove waste from haeomolyph.

138
Q

Fleas

A

Jump onto passing host. Usually miss the host. Specialised back legs.

139
Q

Flea jumping

A

Contain a resin ball between thorax and back leg. Resilin is the most elastic substance known. Muscle contracts- Squashes resin ball, catch holds it in a cocked position. The catch is released and the resin expands.

140
Q

Dragonflies

A

Horizontal wings at rewets damselflies are vertical at rest. Dragonflies cannot walk.

141
Q

Metamorphosis

A

Occurs in beetles, butterflies and moths, ants, bees and wasps..
Larva -> pupa and then adult

142
Q

Why does metamorphosis occur?

A

So juveniles don’t compete with adults. Juveniles can focus on feeling and adults specialised in reproduction.

143
Q

Pupa phase

A

Digestive enzymes break up cells int mush. Only a few group of cells survive (imaginal discs).

144
Q

Hemimetabolous insects

A

Don’t undergo metamorphosis. Slowly change with each moult.

145
Q

Insect anatomy

A

Head, thorax and abdomen. Have a compound eye made up of multiple ommatidia.

146
Q

Crustacea

A

Crabs, lobster, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles, isopods and copepods.

147
Q

Difference between crayfish and lobster

A

Crayfish is freshwater, lobster is marine.

148
Q

Isopods

A

Largest group of crustaceans, terrestrial species are pill bugs/wood lice.

149
Q

Copepods

A

Very small, bottom of marine food chain.

150
Q

Pleopods

A

Have appendages on abdomen.

151
Q

Arthropods and annelids

A

Not closely elated.

152
Q

Phylum echinodermata

A

Sea stars and urchins. Contain tube feet.

153
Q

Tube feet - Ampulla

A

Muscles around fluid filled bulb within skeleton.

154
Q

Tube feet - podium

A

Extendable fluid filled with sucker like tip stick out of skeleton.

155
Q

Tube feet - valves

A

Sealed volume of fluid

156
Q

How do Tube feet work

A

Valves close, ampulla muscles contract, flu9id forced into podium, podium elongated and straighten and suckers attach.

157
Q

Retraction of tube feet

A

Suckers release, muscle relax, fluid flows back into ampulla and podium retract and bends.

158
Q

Sea stars eating food

A

Eat mussels eat with tube feet. Tube feet prise muscle slightly open, spit in digestive enzymes. This kills the muscle and therefore it opens up.

159
Q

Pentraradiate symmetry

A

Form radial symmetry based on five.

160
Q

Starfish larvae

A

havebilateral symmetry

161
Q

Class Asteroidea

A

Starfish. Can’t be killed by chopping them up. Tube feet alongnbottom of five arms and around mouth. Has internal skeleton.

162
Q

Digestive system of starfish

A

Most species eat bivalves, some species eat corals. They evert stomach onto coral, digest polyps and suck up juice.

163
Q

Gas exchange in starfish

A

Occurs through skin gills.

164
Q

Pedicellaria

A

Act as tweezer to remove barnacles and for defence

165
Q

Starfish reproduction

A

Male or female starfish with gonads in one of the feet.

166
Q

Class holothuroidea

A

Sea cucumbers. Tube feet in five rows.

167
Q

Class concentricycloidea

A

Sea daisies. 3 species and live on rotting wood under the sea

168
Q

Class echinoidea

A

Sea urchins, have spikes and skeletons. Spines ar removable with ball and socket joints and can walk with these spines.

169
Q

Sand dollars

A

Flattened urchins. They have pedicellaria for defence ands to settlement.

170
Q

Excretion in echnoidea

A

Occurs with amoeboid cells which absorb waste and jump off.

171
Q

Mouthparts fo sea urchins

A

Have mouthparts ca;;ed Aristotle’s lanter. teeth scrape algae and seaweed.

172
Q

Reproduction with sea urchins

A

Sexual reproduction with external fertilisation, asexual reproduction is rare and is the regeneration of whole individuals from parts after damage.

173
Q

What makes a chordate a chordate (vertebrate)

A

Notochord
Dorsal tubular nerve chord
Pharyngeal pouches and gill slits
Postanal tails

174
Q

Phylum Hemichordata

A

Acorn worms. Very small.

175
Q

What is special about acorn worms

A

Show both echinoderm and chordate characteristics. Echinodate characteristics in naval phase, chordate characteristics in their adult phase.

176
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

Large phylum that includes humans

177
Q

Subphylum Uchordata

A

Sea squirts. Squirt water if squeaked. Covered in a tunic made from a type of cellulose.

178
Q

What makes sea squirts special

A

Only chordates that reproduce asexually and sexually, don’t have a proper body cavity and don’t have excretory organs.

179
Q

Earliest true vertebrate

A

Sea squirts

180
Q

Evolution of vertebrates from invertebrates

A

Gill slits and dorsal nerve chord evolved first. Notochord and postanal tail evolved in sea squirts.

181
Q

Garstang Hypotheiss

A

Development of sexual maturity in non-metamorphosing animals may provide immediate photo-chordate ancestors.

182
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata

A

Always show four main characteristics of vertebrates.

BIOL1009 (4 decks)

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