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ESA 3 - Recap > Self study Extras > Flashcards

Self study Extras Flashcards

1
Q

How is phosphate reabsorbed? Where is it reabsorbed? What decreases its activity?

A

Reabsorbed in the PCT

Na-P symporter

Activity decreased by PTH

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2
Q

What is Bartteter’s syndrome?

A

Hypokalaemia caused by NKCC transporter not working

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3
Q

How do ACE inhibitors cause hyperkalaemia?

A

ACE inhibitors prevent AG1 to AG2. AG2 stimulates aldosterone release which increases K+ secretion

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4
Q

What is conn’s syndrome?

A

aldosterone producing adenoma. Results in hypokalaemia

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5
Q

What is liddle’s syndrome?

A

hypertension, hypokalaemia, and metabolic alkalosis due to hyperconductivity of Na ion channels in the DCT

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6
Q

What are levator muscles? What can happen to them post childbirth?

A

Muscles which support the pelvic organs.

Muscle strength reduced after childbirth leading to dropping of the bladder neck and urinary incontinence.

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7
Q

What part of the brain controls micturition?

A

pontine micturition centre

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8
Q

Give 3 signs of hypovolemia

A

sunken eyes, dry nose or mouth, longitudinal flurrows on tongue

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9
Q

Why can CKD cause anaemia? How can you treat this anaemia?

A

Damage to kidneys = less erythropoietin.

also serum urea increases, which shortens RBC lifespan.

Treat with IV erythropoietin and iron.

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10
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

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11
Q

Name the structures found in the:

a) superior mediastinum
b) middle mediastinum
c) posterior mediastinum

A

a) SVC, trachea, oesophagus, thymus, vagus and phrenic nerve
b) pericardium, heart, aygous vein and main bronchi
c) thoracic aorta, azygous and hemiazygous vein

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12
Q

Why does advanced lung cancer involving apex of the lung cuase wasting of intrinsic muscles of the right hand, parasthesiae and distended superficial veins?

A

Carcinoma can spread from apex of lung to brachial plexus, wasting hand muscles.

Distended veins due to compression of the subclavian vein

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13
Q

How does hypocapnia result in hypercalcaemia?

A

low pco2 –> alkalosis –> ionised plasma proteins which cant bind to free calcium –> hypercalcaemia.

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14
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

Ventricular spaces of the brain

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15
Q

How does chronic bronchitis and emphysema result in airway obstruction?

A

Chronic bronchitis - mucus hypersecretion and increased bronchial wall thickness

EMphysema - bullae, decrease in elastic recoil

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16
Q

What are the spirometry findings in COPD

A

FVC normal, FEV1:FVC ratio below 70%

17
Q

Why is asthma worse at night?

A

Reduced lung volume when lying down results in airway narrowing

18
Q

Why are sickle cell patients at greater risk from encapsulated bacteria?

A

Functional asplenia due to spleen breaking down sickle RBC.

Also blockage of microvasculature of the spleen by sickle cell RBC

19
Q

Name 4 types of lung cancer

A

Squamous carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma

20
Q

What would sudden onset pleuritic pain and haemopytsis suggest?

A

Pulmonary embolism

21
Q

Give the avg value for PEFR

A

600 l / min

22
Q

what are delta cells?

A

cells in the stomach and intestine that produce somatostatins that inhibit gastrin production.

23
Q

Why is a femoral hernia more likely to be incarcerated than an inguinal hernia?

A

Femoral canal has a tighter entrance

24
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for conjugating bilirubin in the liver?

A

UDP-glucoronyl transferase

25
Q

Blood supply of the ureters?

A

Top third is renal arteries

Middle is common iliac

Bottom is Internal iliac

26
Q

What colour stool and urine will you get if the bile duct is blocked?

A

Stool is pale

Urine is dark

27
Q

What is tenesmus? What is it caused by?

A

Sensation of incomplete defacation.

Caused by tumour in rectum which stretches receptor

28
Q

What is intussusception?

A

Bowel invaginates into another bowel and leads to intestinal destruction.

29
Q

What are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve?

A

s2-s4

30
Q

What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4 - S3

31
Q

What are the nerve roots of the femoral nerve?

A

L2-L4

32
Q

What are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve?

A

L2 - L4

33
Q

Give a mnemonic for remembering gram positive bacteria

A

Strange! Staphy’s act list entered my new carrier bag.

Streptococcys, staphylococcus, actinomyces, listeria, enterococcus, mycobacteria, pneumonia, cornyebacteria, bacillus

ESA 3 - Recap (6 decks)

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