Self study Extras Flashcards
How is phosphate reabsorbed? Where is it reabsorbed? What decreases its activity?
Reabsorbed in the PCT
Na-P symporter
Activity decreased by PTH
What is Bartteter’s syndrome?
Hypokalaemia caused by NKCC transporter not working
How do ACE inhibitors cause hyperkalaemia?
ACE inhibitors prevent AG1 to AG2. AG2 stimulates aldosterone release which increases K+ secretion
What is conn’s syndrome?
aldosterone producing adenoma. Results in hypokalaemia
What is liddle’s syndrome?
hypertension, hypokalaemia, and metabolic alkalosis due to hyperconductivity of Na ion channels in the DCT
What are levator muscles? What can happen to them post childbirth?
Muscles which support the pelvic organs.
Muscle strength reduced after childbirth leading to dropping of the bladder neck and urinary incontinence.
What part of the brain controls micturition?
pontine micturition centre
Give 3 signs of hypovolemia
sunken eyes, dry nose or mouth, longitudinal flurrows on tongue
Why can CKD cause anaemia? How can you treat this anaemia?
Damage to kidneys = less erythropoietin.
also serum urea increases, which shortens RBC lifespan.
Treat with IV erythropoietin and iron.
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Name the structures found in the:
a) superior mediastinum
b) middle mediastinum
c) posterior mediastinum
a) SVC, trachea, oesophagus, thymus, vagus and phrenic nerve
b) pericardium, heart, aygous vein and main bronchi
c) thoracic aorta, azygous and hemiazygous vein
Why does advanced lung cancer involving apex of the lung cuase wasting of intrinsic muscles of the right hand, parasthesiae and distended superficial veins?
Carcinoma can spread from apex of lung to brachial plexus, wasting hand muscles.
Distended veins due to compression of the subclavian vein
How does hypocapnia result in hypercalcaemia?
low pco2 –> alkalosis –> ionised plasma proteins which cant bind to free calcium –> hypercalcaemia.
Where is CSF made?
Ventricular spaces of the brain
How does chronic bronchitis and emphysema result in airway obstruction?
Chronic bronchitis - mucus hypersecretion and increased bronchial wall thickness
EMphysema - bullae, decrease in elastic recoil
What are the spirometry findings in COPD
FVC normal, FEV1:FVC ratio below 70%
Why is asthma worse at night?
Reduced lung volume when lying down results in airway narrowing
Why are sickle cell patients at greater risk from encapsulated bacteria?
Functional asplenia due to spleen breaking down sickle RBC.
Also blockage of microvasculature of the spleen by sickle cell RBC
Name 4 types of lung cancer
Squamous carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
What would sudden onset pleuritic pain and haemopytsis suggest?
Pulmonary embolism
Give the avg value for PEFR
600 l / min
what are delta cells?
cells in the stomach and intestine that produce somatostatins that inhibit gastrin production.
Why is a femoral hernia more likely to be incarcerated than an inguinal hernia?
Femoral canal has a tighter entrance
What is the enzyme responsible for conjugating bilirubin in the liver?
UDP-glucoronyl transferase
