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ESA 3 - Recap > Infection and Immunity > Flashcards

Infection and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Give the 5 types of Phagocytes

A
  1. Mast cells
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Monocytes
  4. Macrophages
  5. Dendritic Cells
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2
Q

Give another term for WBC

A

Leukocyte

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. B cells
  2. T Cells
  3. NK Cells
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4
Q

Give the 5 types of T Cells

A
  1. NK T cells
  2. Memory T cells
  3. T Helper Cells = CD4+
  4. Cytotoxic T Cells = CD8+
  5. Regulatory T cells
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5
Q

Give the 3 types of granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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6
Q

Give the names of macrophages found in:

a) Bone marrow / blood
b) Bone
c) CNS
d) Skin and mucosa
e) Liver
f) Granulomas

A

a) Monocyte
b) Osteoclasts
c) Microglia
d) Langerhan cells
e) Kupffer cells
f) Epithelioid cells

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7
Q

Give the 3 types of antibiotics that act on protein synthesis

A

1) Tetracyclines
2) Aminoglycosides
3) Macrolides

TAMPons

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8
Q

Give the two types of antibiotics that act on cell wall synthesis

A

1) Beta lactams
2) Glycopeptides

BCG

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9
Q

Give the type of antibiotic that acts on cell membrane function

A

Polymixins

Child Pornography

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10
Q

Give the type of antibiotics that affects nucleic acid synthesis

A

Quinolones

NewQuay

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11
Q

What type of antibiotic is carbapenem? What is it used for? Give an example carbapenem.

A

beta lactam

broad spectrum gram negative

meropenem

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12
Q

Give an example aminoglycoside. What is it used for?

A

Gentamicin

Gram negative

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13
Q

Give example of quinolone and use

A

Ciproflaxacin

Gram negative

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14
Q

Give example macrolide and use

A

Erythromycin

Gram positive

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15
Q

How would you treat UTI? How would you treat MRSA UTI?

A

Trimethoprim

MRSA - Trimethopim + sulphonamide

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16
Q

What are the two categories of antifungals?

A

Azole and polyenes

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17
Q

How do you treat Herpes Simplex

A

Aciclovir

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18
Q

How do MOs Trigger inflammatory cascade?

A
  1. Pathogen releases toxins
  2. Toxins bind to macrophages. Macrophages stimulate cytokines.
  3. Cytokines stimulate growth factor, macrophages and platelets with aim of inducing homeostasis.
  4. If homeostasis not restored –> SIRS
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19
Q

What drug is used to treat Staph Aureus?

A

Flucloxacillin

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20
Q

How would you treat malaria?

A

Quinine for p falciparum species

Chloroquine for every other species

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21
Q

What pathogen causes enteric fever?

A

Salmonella enterica

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22
Q

How would you treat enteric fever?

A

Ceftriaxone for 1-2 weeks

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of brucellosis? How would you treat it?

A

Gram negative coccobacillus

Treat with doxycycline and rifampicin

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24
Q

What is the incubation period for malaria and what is its presenting complaints?

A

Incubation period 2 weeks

Fever that cycles every 3 or 4 days

Fatigue, malaise, arthralgia and myalgia, headache

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25
What are the 4 types of antibodies B cells can produce and what is each useful for?
1. IgG4 - opsonisation 2. IgA - Mucosal Protection 3. IgG and IgE - Antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity 4. IgE - Allergens
26
Characteristics of Hep B virus?
Circular Double stranded DNA
27
Characteristics of HIV?
ss+ RNA, linear Spherical
28
What bacteria causes endocarditis in prosthetic valves
Coagulase negative staph aureus
29
What bacteria cause endocarditis in native and prosthetic valves \>1 yr post op?
HACEK group Staph aureus Viridans streptococci
30
What type of Antibiotic is vancomycin? What is it used for?
Glycopeptide MRSA
31
Difference between Gram negative and gram positive bacteria?
Gram negative has outer layer of LPS surrounding peptidoglycan layer.
32
What are the following complement proteins involved in: a) C3a and C5a b) C3b and C5b c) C5-9
a) opsonisation b) Recruiting phagocytes c) Membrane attack complex
33
Give 2 examples of yeast, mould, protozoa, and helminths
Yeast - candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans Mould - aspergillus, dermatophytes Protozoa - Trypanosoma cruzi, cryptosporidium parvum Helminth - Tape worm, roundworms
34
Name the 4 categories of beta lactams
Penicillins, cephalosporins, Carbapenems, monobactams
35
Give an example cepahlosporin
ceftriaxone
36
Give an example carbapenem
Meropenem
37
Give 3 examples of penicillin
penicllin amoxicillin flucloxacillin
38
Give an example glycopeptide
vancomycin
39
Give an example aminoglycoside
gentamicin
40
Give example quinolone
ciprofloxacin
41
Give an example macrolide
erythromycin
42
Give 3 examples of opsonins
C3b, CRP, IgG
43
What 2 pathways can activate the complement system?
MBL pathway Alternative
44
Give the features of the norovirus
ssRNA non enveloped
45
What is the mechanism of infection of HIV?
1. Enters blood and contents enters via CCR5 receptor 2. Reverse transcriptase converts ssRNA to DNA 3. Integrase combines virus DNA with cell DNA 4. When infected cell divides, viral proteins made and form a virus 5. VIrus buds out of cell membrane
46
How is HIV treated?
HAART therapy Fusion inhibitor, 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors, DNA integrase inhibitor
47
How is HIV investigated?
ELISA with western blotting
48
Symptoms of Hep B infection?
Nausea, vomiting, fever, jaundice
49
Presenting complaint of enteric fever?
fever, headache, dry cough, hepatosplenomegaly
50
What clinical symptoms would there be in malarial patient?
splenomegaly Metabolic acidosis Pulmonary oedema
51
How do APCs capture a pathogen?
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
52
How do CD4 cells deal with intracellular microbes?
Turns on B cells when activated. B cells --\> antibodies --\> opsonise cells --\> phagocytosis by macrophages
53
How do CD4 cells deal with extracellular microbes?
Activate eosinophils Activate B cells --\> antibodies Activate mast cells --\> inflammation
54
What features are associated with acute sepsis?
Pale cool extremities high temp above 39.5 High resp rate \>20/min Widespread purpuric rash
55
WHat is SIRS comprised of?
2 or more of the following: Temp - \>38 deg HR - \>90 Resp rate - \>20/min 4) WBC - \>12x10-9 or
56
What is SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, and shock?
SIRS = 2 or more of the aforementioned Sepsis = SIRS + confirmed infection Severe sepsis = sepsis + organ hypoperfusion Shock = severe sepsis + low BP despite IV infusions
57
How would you diagnose an allergy?
History Blood tests - serum allergic specific IgE Skin prick tests with allergens
58
Define an endemic disesae
background rate of infeciton
59
Define an epidemic
rate greater than backgroundrate of infection
60
Define MDR
resistance to at least 1 type of drug in 3 or more categories
61
define XDR
resistance to at least 1 drug in all but 2 or less categories
62
What 3 persuasive methods can you use to prevent antibiotic resistance?
Audits, reminders, education
63
How can chronic diseases be acquired?
VITAMINNDEI Vascular Infectin Trauma Autoimmune Metabolic Idiopathic Neuroplastic Neurological Degenerative Environmental Inflammatory
64
What organisms infect CF patients?
H influenzae, staph aureus, ps aeruginosa, atypical mycobacteria
65
What ENT infections are DM patients susceptible to? name the offending MO
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis - mould fungi, colonises paranasal sinuses Nectrosising otitis externa - ps aeruginosa, colonises pinna of ear
66
What form does infectious disease take in immunocompromised hosts?
SPUR Severe Persistent Unusual Recurrent
67
How do you manage primary immunodeficiency?
Prophylaxis Immunoglobin replacement therapy Manage resp function Avoid radiation
68
How do you manage phagocyte dificiencies?
Antifungals, prophylaxs, stem cell transplantations
69
What disorder occurs from the lack of a thymus? Name the associated abnormalities
Digeorge syndrome - CATCH22 Cardiac abnormalities Abnormal facies Thymic hypoplasia Cleft palate Hypercalcaemia chromosome 22 abnormality
70
What are the functions of the spleen?
Remove immune complexes Remove opsonised bacteria Antibody production IgM and IgG

ESA 3 - Recap (6 decks)

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