self report techniques- non experimental method

Question 1

self report techs

Answer 1

ppts provide info about their own thoughts, feelings, opinions and behaviours

Question 2

questionnaires

Answer 2

set of written qs given to ppts to assess their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours

Question 3

open qs

Answer 3

ppts answer however they wish, own words
generates qualitative data as not fixed number of responses to choose from
responses rich and detailed provide unique insight

Question 4

closed qs

Answer 4

fixed number of responses
restricted answers e.g. yes or no
generates quantitative data as numerical data produced
e.g. checklist, Likert scale and ranking scale

Question 5

checklist

Answer 5

tick answer that applies to them

Question 6

likert scale

Answer 6

rate views on scale. their agreement strongly agree to strongly disagree

Question 7

ranking scale

Answer 7

ppts place list of items in their preferred order

Question 8

questionnaires pro

Answer 8

• cost effective, can get large amounts of data quicker as they can be distributed to large number of ppl, quick and cheap
• can be completed without researcher being present so reduces experimenter bias
• data usually easy to anaylse as its quantitative fixed qs, easily compared
• less investigator effects as researcher cannot influence ppts behaviours as its self report
• replicable
• easy as no special training needed to hand out questionnaires
• ppt may be more comfortable- more honest when writing responses rather than face interviewer.
• more anonymous so would answer more honestly

Question 9

questionnaires con

Answer 9

• ppts may not be truthful as may want to present themselves in positive light so social desirability bias
• may misinterpret what q is asking

Question 10

open q pro

Answer 10

• less chance of reseracher bias, questionnaire annonoymous, can answer in their own words without input from researcher providing set number of responses, less chance of responses being influenced by researchers expectations
• detailed answer obtained

Question 11

open q con

Answer 11

-socail desirbbility bias, portray themselves in best light possible, open q lack validity as not their natural response

Question 12

closed q pro

Answer 12

• data quantitive, easy to analyse and compare, look for patterns and trends in data and replicate resreach

Question 13

closed q con

Answer 13

• predetermined list of qs limits responses ability to explore interesting answers, response bias, data lacks internal validity

Question 14

how to design questionnaire

Answer 14

• keep clear and simple
• short
• avoid personal qs
• don’t use leading qs
• pilot and modify questionnaire

Question 15

interviews

Answer 15

qs asked to ppts face to face or over phone to asses their thoughts, feelings, opinions and behaviours

Question 16

structured interviews

Answer 16

predetermined list of qs

like wuestionnaire but face to face, verbally

Question 17

unstructured interviews

Answer 17

interveiw starts w general aims and some qs then lets interviewee guide them to other qs
like a conversation
no set qs
interviewee expands and elaborates answers
provides rich qualitative data

Question 18

semi structured interviews

Answer 18

mix of structured and un structured

a list of qs made in advance but interviewers free to ask follow up qs when nessesary

Question 19

structured pro

Answer 19

• quantitative numerical data, easier to analyse- direct comparisons made so can establish patterns and trends- as qs the same they are standardised so easy replicable to test reliability
• doesn’t need training

Question 20

structured con

Answer 20

• investigator effects- interviewer may unconsciously bias responses when asking qs e.g. by voice, body language

Question 21

un structured pro

Answer 21

• increases validity of findings by reducing investigator effects as open ended qs means investigator doesn’t control direction of convo to meet their aim- reduces demand characteristics in interview responses
• rich detail about ppts

Question 22

un structured con

Answer 22

• training needed- may be expensive and time consuming

- answers difficult to interpret- as large rich data gathered- qualitative- difficult to identify patterns and trends

Question 23

quan

Answer 23

non numerical, uses words to give full description of what ppl think and feel whereas qual numerical