self report techniques- non experimental method Flashcards
self report techs
ppts provide info about their own thoughts, feelings, opinions and behaviours
questionnaires
set of written qs given to ppts to assess their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours
open qs
ppts answer however they wish, own words
generates qualitative data as not fixed number of responses to choose from
responses rich and detailed provide unique insight
closed qs
fixed number of responses
restricted answers e.g. yes or no
generates quantitative data as numerical data produced
e.g. checklist, Likert scale and ranking scale
checklist
tick answer that applies to them
likert scale
rate views on scale. their agreement strongly agree to strongly disagree
ranking scale
ppts place list of items in their preferred order
questionnaires pro
- cost effective, can get large amounts of data quicker as they can be distributed to large number of ppl, quick and cheap
- can be completed without researcher being present so reduces experimenter bias
- data usually easy to anaylse as its quantitative fixed qs, easily compared
- less investigator effects as researcher cannot influence ppts behaviours as its self report
- replicable
- easy as no special training needed to hand out questionnaires
- ppt may be more comfortable- more honest when writing responses rather than face interviewer.
- more anonymous so would answer more honestly
questionnaires con
- ppts may not be truthful as may want to present themselves in positive light so social desirability bias
- may misinterpret what q is asking
open q pro
- less chance of reseracher bias, questionnaire annonoymous, can answer in their own words without input from researcher providing set number of responses, less chance of responses being influenced by researchers expectations
- detailed answer obtained
open q con
-socail desirbbility bias, portray themselves in best light possible, open q lack validity as not their natural response
closed q pro
- data quantitive, easy to analyse and compare, look for patterns and trends in data and replicate resreach
closed q con
- predetermined list of qs limits responses ability to explore interesting answers, response bias, data lacks internal validity
how to design questionnaire
- keep clear and simple
- short
- avoid personal qs
- don’t use leading qs
- pilot and modify questionnaire
interviews
qs asked to ppts face to face or over phone to asses their thoughts, feelings, opinions and behaviours
structured interviews
predetermined list of qs
like wuestionnaire but face to face, verbally
unstructured interviews
interveiw starts w general aims and some qs then lets interviewee guide them to other qs
like a conversation
no set qs
interviewee expands and elaborates answers
provides rich qualitative data
semi structured interviews
mix of structured and un structured
a list of qs made in advance but interviewers free to ask follow up qs when nessesary
structured pro
- quantitative numerical data, easier to analyse- direct comparisons made so can establish patterns and trends- as qs the same they are standardised so easy replicable to test reliability
- doesn’t need training
structured con
- investigator effects- interviewer may unconsciously bias responses when asking qs e.g. by voice, body language
un structured pro
- increases validity of findings by reducing investigator effects as open ended qs means investigator doesn’t control direction of convo to meet their aim- reduces demand characteristics in interview responses
- rich detail about ppts
un structured con
- training needed- may be expensive and time consuming
- answers difficult to interpret- as large rich data gathered- qualitative- difficult to identify patterns and trends
quan
non numerical, uses words to give full description of what ppl think and feel whereas qual numerical
