self report

Question 1

what are the two types of self report techniques

Answer 1

• questionnaire
• interview

Question 2

questionnaire

Answer 2

• a written form of collecting data
• the researcher doesn’t have to be present and the questionnaire is often completed independently
• the person completing the questionnaire is known as the ‘respondent’
• paper based or an electronic format

Question 3

interviews

Answer 3

• involves direct questioning on a topic the researcher has chosen (face to face or over the phone)
• interviews can vary: semi structured, structured, unstructured.
• the person being interviewed is known as the ‘interviewee’.

Question 4

types of questions

Answer 4

open and closed

Question 5

open questions

Answer 5

• used to assess a persons emotions or the reason why they chose certain things
• produces qualitative data
• ask the participant to respond a set of questions and leave a blank space so that they can answer however they want

Question 6

closed questions

Answer 6

• give answers to the respondent and they have to choose which is the most appropriate
• produces qualitative data

Question 7

advantages of closed question

Answer 7

• produces quantitative data
• easy and quick for participants to respond
• the data collected is quick and easy to compare and analyse.

Question 8

disadvantages of closed questions

Answer 8

• very limited choices to answer
• can force participants to pick and choose answer that isn’t true for them
• doesn’t provide any reasoning to why the participants have chosen the option/answer

Question 9

advantages of open questions

Answer 9

• provides qualitative data
• provides rich and detailed data
• doest force participants to give particular responses

Question 10

disadvantages of open questions

Answer 10

• time consuming for the patriciants to respond and for the researcher to analyse the data collected
• answers may not be relevant to what the researcher is interested in.

Question 11

rating scale

Answer 11

• used when the researcher is interested in investigating peoples attitudes towards something.
• involves the participant to make a mark at an appropriate point alongside a numerical dimension, indicating the strength and direction of their attitude.

Question 12

advantages of rating scale

Answer 12

• gives the researcher an idea on how strongly a person feels about a certain thing
• provides quantitative data that can be easily compared
• more detailed than a simple yes or no
• easily repeated

Question 13

disadvantages of a rating scale

Answer 13

• doesn’t give you a reason as to why the respondents have chosen that answer
• vulnerable to the responses set.

Question 14

likert scale

Answer 14

a number of statements for participants to indicate whether they agree/disagree/strongly agree/strongly disagree/undecided

Question 15

disadvantages of likert scale

Answer 15

can force a participant to say that they
agree or disagree with a statement when in reality they have no opinion due to a scale with even intervals.
- this reduces the validity of data collected

Question 16

semantic differential

Answer 16

• participants have to respond on a numerical scale as to how much they agree with it.
• participants have to indicate between a series of bipolar adjectives that they would place their feelings in relation to the given topic whilst a series of spaces are provided with no numbers on each end

Question 17

types of interviews

Answer 17

• structured
• unstructured
• semi-structured

Question 18

structured interviews

Answer 18

• interviewer asks the same questions to each participant in the same order.
• closed questions are often used with the interviewee picking the answer that mosts relates to their view

Question 19

semi structured

Answer 19

the interviewer will have a set of pre-prepared questions to ask and is expected to ask all of them. other questions will be developed during the interview in response to the answers given by the participants.

Question 20

unstructured

Answer 20

the researcher has a topic they would want to discuss but these don’t have to be in the same order for each participant.
the interview is more like a conversation with further questions being developed in response to the answers given by the interviewee

Question 21

strengths of structured interviews

Answer 21

• high internal reliability: procedure is standardised and replicable as the same questions are asked to each participant in the same order.
• easy to analyse and compare data due to the results being quantitative

Question 22

weakness of structured interviews

Answer 22

• restrictive
• may miss out on useful information
• misunderstood and want more info
• low in ecological validity as it produces unnatural behaviour.

Question 23

strengths of semi-structured interviews

Answer 23

• more trustworthy for participants as the interview is more conversational
• high in ecological validity as it produces more natural behaviour
• produces quantitative data which is easy to analyse and compare
• also produces qualitative data which provides rich and detailed info
• can ask additional information to clarify and have more information

Question 24

weakness of semi-structured

Answer 24

• low reliability as participants may have varying experiences which makes the procedure not be able to obtain the same results when repeated
• harder to compare between participants

Question 25

strengths of unstructured interviews

Answer 25

- high ecological validity as it produces natural behaviour. - high understanding between participant and interviewer making it high validity of answers - produces qualitative data which is filled with rich and detailed data

Question 26

weakness of unstructured interviews

Answer 26

- low internal reliability as procedure is not standardised to each participant - interview covers a broad range of topics so it is hard to analyse and compare results - time consuming - hard to compare between participants

Question 27

advantages of questionnaires

Answer 27

- cheap - time effective - anonymous - responses are most likely to be honest

Question 28

disadvantages of questionnaires

Answer 28

- lacks flexibility - biased by motivation - different ways to phrase sentences making it difficult to understand

Question 29

advantages of interviews

Answer 29

- produces qualitative data

Question 30

disadvantages of interviews

Answer 30

- time consuming

Question 31

levels of data

Answer 31

- interval or ratio - ordinal - nominal

Question 32

interval

Answer 32

- highest level of data - analysis is made of the scores achieved by the individual participants as it uses standard universal scales (kg,mm,cm)

Question 33

ordinal

Answer 33

- medium level pf data - analysis is made up of scores achieved by participants but only in relation to each other - their position is ranked within a group rather than their actual score - does not involve standard universal scales

Question 34

nominal

Answer 34

- lowest level of data - 'headcount' of the number of participants who do one thing as opposed to another - the data relates to the people in groups (categories) rather than their actual scores