Self-Identity and Social Interactions

Question 1

Elements of self-concept/self-identity:

Answer 1

a. personal identity

b. social identity

Question 2

What is your Personal Identity?

Answer 2

Consists of all the personal attributes that you consider integral to the description of who you are

Question 3

What is your Social Identity?

Answer 3

Consists of all the socially defined attributes defining who you are, including age, race, gender, religion, occupation and etc.

Question 4

The ADDRESSING framework mnemonic tool developed by Pamela Hayes is used:

Answer 4

To help clinicians in recognizing and working with cultural influences, helping them to understand identity as a multidimensional combination of age, developmental and acquired disabilities, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, indigenous heritage, national origin, and gender.

Question 5

What is deviance?

Answer 5

A violation of society’s standards of conduct or expectations. Deviant behaviour often violates social norms (formal and informal), both formal and informal. Deviants reject the goals of society, or the accepted means of obtaining those goals, or both.

Question 6

When individuals engage in deviant behaviour, this can result in social _____

Answer 6

Stigma

Question 7

Social Stigma

Answer 7

Social stigma may arise from deviant behaviour, but it may also result from circumstances over which an individual has no control. A social stigma is the extreme disapproval of a person or group on socially characteristic grounds that distinguish them from other members of a society.

Question 8

What is impression management?

Answer 8

Also known as self-presentation, this is the conscious or unconscious process whereby we attempt to manage our own image by influencing the perceptions of others. How we dress, talk, carry ourselves, and behave are all aspects of our impression management.

Question 9

What is the dramaturgical perspective?

Answer 9

The dramaturgical perspective stems from the theory of symbolic interactionism and posits that we imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting with others; we base our presentations on cultural values, norms, and expectations, with the ultimate goal of presenting an acceptable self to others.

Question 10

What is the dramaturgical perspective?

Answer 10

The dramaturgical perspective stems from the theory of symbolic interactionism and posits that we imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting with others; we base our presentations on cultural values, norms, and expectations, with the ultimate goal of presenting an acceptable self to others.

Question 11

Using the theatre as a metaphor for dramaturgical perspective, in the front stage:

Answer 11

we play a role and use impression management to craft the way we come across to other people

Question 12

Using the theatre as a metaphor for dramaturgical perspective, in the back stage:

Answer 12

we can “let down our guard” and be ourselves

Question 13

What is your self-concept?

Answer 13

Also known as your self-identity, self-construction, or self-perspective, your self-concept includes all of your beliefs about who you are as an individual.

Question 14

What is a self-schema?

Answer 14

The beliefs and ideas we have about ourselves; used to guide and organize the processing of information that is relevant to ourselves. So you can have lots of different self-schemas; about lots of different things; about appearance, how attractive you think you are, about your abilities.

Question 15

All of your self-schemas play into your _____

Answer 15

self-concept

Question 16

Other things that influence your self concept:

Answer 16

Past Self
Present Self
Future Self

Question 17

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 17

Our belief in our abilities, competence, and effectiveness; high efficacy means that we believe we can affect a situation or outcome while low self-efficacy means that we do not believe we can affect a situation or outcome (note: our self-efficacy varies from task to task)

Question 18

What is a locus of control?

Answer 18

Our belief in whether or not we can influence the events that impact us; an internal locus of control means that we believe we have control over these events while an external locus of control means that we do not believe we have control

Question 19

When does learned helplessness tend to occur?

Answer 19

When an individual possess low self-efficacy and an external locus of control

Question 20

Self-consciousness

Answer 20

awareness of one’s self

Question 21

Self-schemas

Answer 21

beliefs about the self

Question 22

Self-esteem

Answer 22

beliefs about one’s self-worth

Question 23

Self-efficacy

Answer 23

beliefs in one’s competence

Question 24

What is the Social Learning Theory?

Answer 24

The social learning theory emphasizes the fact that learning takes place in social contexts and can occur purely through observation even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement; this is known as social learning, vicarious learning, or observational learning

Question 25

What is the Social Comparison Theory?

Answer 25

This theory states that we all have a drive to gain accurate evaluation by comparing ourselves to others. Therefore, our identity will be in some way shaped by the comparisons we make and the types of reference groups we have. A really important concept in this theory is the reference group.

Reference group: a group to which an individual or another group is compared

Question 26

What are some differences between social comparison theory and social learning theory?

Answer 26

One is about learning from the social environment (social learning theory) and the other is about comparing ourself to it (social comparison theory)

Question 27

Robert Selman noted that as cognitive development occurs during childhood, children are better able to understand the feelings and perspectives of others

Answer 27

This can have a tremendous influence of our identity formation

Question 28

What is role-taking?

Answer 28

Also known as social perspective taking, role-taking involves understanding the cognitive and affective aspects of another person’s point of view.

Question 29

What is the social facilitation effect?

Answer 29

The occurs when the presence of others improves our performance; this tends to only occur with simple, well-ingrained tasks.

Question 30

What is de-individuation?

Answer 30

In situations where there is a high degree of arousal and low degree of personal responsibility, we may lose our sense of restrain or our individual identity in exchange for identifying with a mob mentality.
Mod mentality: where a bunch of people get together and do things that they wouldn’t necessarily do

Question 31

A combination of what of the following factors tends to produce situations where de-individuation is more likely to occur?

Answer 31

• There is a large group of people
• Individual’s identity is somehow masked or disguised
• The group is participating in an arousing activity

Question 32

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 32

Predicts that we are less likely to help a victim when other people are present (we assume - and everyone else assumes - that someone else will help, so no one ends up doing anything). Everyone feels a diffusion of responsibility

Question 33

What is the famous case that spurred the term the bystander effect?

Answer 33

The case of Kitty Genovese initiated research into the bystander effect.

Question 34

Social loafing

Answer 34

social loafing occurs when working in a group; each person in the group has a tendency to exert less individual effort than if they were working independently

Question 35

What is groupthink?

Answer 35

This occurs within a group of people when the desire for harmony or conformity results in members attempting to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints; this may lead to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making

Question 36

Groupthink is more likely to occur when:

Answer 36

• The group is overly optimistic and strongly believes in its stance
• The group justifies its own decisions while demonizing those of opponents
• Dissenting opinions, information, and/or facts are prevented from permitting the group ( a process called mind guarding)
• Individuals feel pressured to conform and censor their own opinions in favour of consensus, which creates an illusion of group unanimity

Question 37

What is group polarization?

Answer 37

This occurs when groups tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members - that is, the average view of a member of the group is accentuated

Question 38

What is group polarization?

Answer 38

This occurs when groups tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members - that is, the average view of a member of the group is accentuated.

Group polarization is NOT when a group becomes more divided on an issue. It occurs WITHIN each group.

Question 39

What is conformity?

Answer 39

This occurs when you adjust your behaviour or thinking based on the behaviour or thinking of others.

Question 40

What is the researcher that conducted the famous conformity experiments?

Answer 40

Solomon Asch

Question 41

Solomon Asch’s Famous conformity experiments:

Answer 41

• Subjects were first asked to determine which line was most similar to a comparison line
• When subjects completed this task alone, they erred less than 1% of the time
• Subjects were then placed in a room with several confederates
• On the first few tests, all of the confederates responded correctly, but then began all choosing one of the incorrect lines
• More than one third of subjects conformed to group by answering incorrectly

Question 42

What is obedience?

Answer 42

This occurs when you yield to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure.

Question 43

What is the researcher that conducted the famous obedience experiments?

Answer 43

Stanley Milgram

Question 44

Stanley Milgram’s Famous obedience experiment:

Answer 44

• The subject believes that the roles of “learner” and “teacher” are determined randomly, but this is actually rigged
• The experimenter orders the “teacher” (the subject) to give electric shocks to a “learner” who is actually confederate
• The “teacher” believes that the “learner” is receiving a shock for each wrong answer though in reality the confederate is playing pre-recorded sounds for each shock level
• In Milgram’s first set of experiments, 65% of subjects kept administering shocks up to the highest level (450 volts)

Question 45

What does the Attribution Theory explain?

Answer 45

The Attribution Theory explains how we understand our own behaviour and the behaviour of others

Question 46

Given a set of circumstances, we tend to attribute behaviour to:

Answer 46

• Internal causes, also known as a dispositional attribution

* or External causes, also known as situational attribution

Question 47

There are three factors that determine whether we attribute behaviour to internal or external causes:

Answer 47

Distinctiveness
Consensus
Consistency

Question 48

Distinctiveness

Answer 48

The extent to which this individual behaves in the same way in similar situations
HIGH - individual does not behave like this in most other situations
LOW - individual does behave like this in most other situations

Question 49

Consensus

Answer 49

The extent to which the individual is behaving similarly to other individuals
HIGH - most other people are behaving like this
LOW - no one else is behaving like this

Question 50

Consistency

Answer 50

The extent to which the individual’s behaviour is similar every time this situation occurs
HIGH - nearly always behaves like this in this situation
LOW - seldom behaves like this in this situation

Question 51

What is the difference between distinctiveness and consistency?

Answer 51

Consistency compares behaviour across different time points whereas distinctiveness looks at behaviour across (different) situations

Question 52

When we attribute another person’s behaviour to their personalities, we’re committing the

Answer 52

fundamental attribution error

Question 53

When we attribute our own actions to the situation, we’re subject to the

Answer 53

actor/observer bias

Question 54

When we attribute our own successes to ourselves, but our failures to others, we are committing the

Answer 54

self-serving bias

Question 55

When we believe that bad things happen to other people, but not to ourselves, we’re subject to the

Answer 55

optimism bias

Question 56

When we believe that bad things happen to others because of their own actions or failure to act, we’re subject to the

Answer 56

just world belief

Question 57

Humans are social creatures and our development and behaviour is shaped in powerful ways by our _____________

Answer 57

interactions with others; in fact, interaction is essential for proper development

Question 58

Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow

Answer 58

conducted a series of experiments on monkeys, which were prompted by the observation that when isolated baby monkeys were separated from their blankets they became very distressed because they had formed an intense attachment to the object.

Question 59

Harlows’ experiment:

Answer 59

• The predominant belief at the time was that babies formed attachments to their mothers because of the need for food
• The Harlows set up two surrogate wire “mothers”, a nutrient mother with a bottle and a cloth mother
• They found that the baby monkeys also demonstrated social deficits when reintroduced to other monkeys

Question 60

Mary Ainsworth conducted a series of experiments called the

Answer 60

“strange situation experiments” where mothers would leave their infants in an unfamiliar environment to see how the infants would react

Question 61

Ainsworth studies suggested that attachment styles vary among infants:

Answer 61

• Securely attached infants will happily explore their surroundings while their mother is present, cry when their mother leaves the room, but are quickly consoled upon her return
• Insecurely attached infants will not explore their surroundings while their mother is present; when the mother leaves they will either cry loudly and remain upset or will demonstrate indifference to her departure and return

Question 62

Define Persuasion

Answer 62

Persuasion is a powerful way to influence what others think and do

Question 63

There are three key elements to persuasion:

Answer 63

1. Message characteristics: the features of the message itself, such as the logic and key points in the argument, the length of the argument, and its grammatical complexity
2. Source characteristics: the characteristics of the person or venue delivering the message, such as expertise, knowledge, and trustworthiness
3. Target characteristics: the characteristics of the person receiving the message, such as self-esteem, intelligence, mood, and other personal factors

Question 64

The Elaboration-Likelihood Model proposes that there are two cognitive routes of persuasion:

Answer 64

1. In the central route, people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself.
2. In the peripheral route, people focus on superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or the orator, like the attractiveness of the orator, the length of the speech, whether the orator is considered an expert in his field