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Psychology and Sociology Review > Personality, Motivation, and Emotion > Flashcards

Personality, Motivation, and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Life Course Perspective?

A

A multidisciplinary approach developed to understand individual lives from a cultural, social, and structural perspective

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2
Q

What is Personalty?

A

While hard to define, personality essentially encompasses our thoughts, feelings, ways of thinking about things, beliefs, and behaviours; it is a core component of who we consider ourselves to be!

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3
Q

The Big Five Personality Traits (McCrae and Costa)

A 
OCEAN (acronym) 
Openness to Experience 
Conscientiousness 
Extraversion 
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism
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4
Q

Openness to Experience: Low vs High

A

Low: Traditional; prefers familiarity over novelty; conservative and resistant to change

High: Embraces new ideas; likes unique, original experiences; values differences in people

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5
Q

Conscientiousness: Low vs High

A

Low: Disorganized; may not value status; can be irresponsible

High: Values order and competence; manages time well; strives to achieve

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6
Q

Extraversion: Low vs High

A

Low: (introverts) Prefers solitary activities; needs to recharge after social events

High: (extraverts) Gregarious; outgoing; energized by social gatherings

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7
Q

Agreeableness: Low vs High

A

Low: High maintenance; can be manipulative; likely to hold strong opinions

High: Tends to think of others; goes with the flow; does not demand attention

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8
Q

Neuroticism: Low vs High

A

Low: Experiences more positive emotions; copes well with stress

High: High levels of negative emotions (anxiety, anger); can be impulsive

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9
Q

What is the Psychoanalytic Perspective of Personality?

A

Psychoanalytic theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, asserts that personality is shaped largely by the unconscious.

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10
Q

Freud suggested that human behaviour is motivated by:

A
  • The libido (life instinct), which drives behaviours focused on pleasure, survival, and avoidance of pain
  • The death instinct, which drives behaviours fuelled by the unconscious desire to die, or hurt oneself or others
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11
Q

Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three components:

A
  • The id, which is largely unconscious and responsible for our drives to avoid pain and seek pleasure
  • The ego, which is responsible for our logical thinking and planning
  • The superego, which is responsible for our moral judgements of right and wrong and strives for perfection
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12
Q

Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages of development:

A 
Oral (0-1)
Anal (1-3)
Phallic (3-6)
Latency (6-12)
Genital 12+
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13
Q

Oral stage

A

The child seeks sensual pleasure through oral activities such as sucking and chewing. Fixation: orally aggressive (verbally abusive) or orally passive (smoking and overacting)

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14
Q

Anal stage

A

The child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination. Fixation: Anal retentive (overly neat/tidy) and anal expulsive (disorganized)

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15
Q

Phallic stage

A

The child seeks sensual pleasure through the genitals. At this stage the child is both, sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent and hostile toward the same-sex parent; this is known as Oedipus complex in boys, and Electra complex in girls.

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16
Q

Latency stage

A

Sexual interacts subside and are replaced by interactions in other areas such as school, friends, and sports.

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17
Q

Genital stage

A

Begins in adolescence, when sexual themes resurface and a person’s life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, art, sports, and careers. Fixation: Frigidity, impotence, difficulty in intimate relationships

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18
Q

Erik Erikson extended Frued’s ideas in two important ways by:

A
  • Including social and interpersonal factors

* Extending the stages through adulthood

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19
Q

Erik Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages of development:

A
  1. Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust
  2. Early childhood: Autonomy vs. Shame
  3. Preschool age: Initiative vs. Guilt
  4. School age: Industry vs. Inferiority
  5. Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion
  6. Young adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation
  7. Middle age: Generatively vs. Stagnation
  8. Later life: Integrity vs. Despair
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20
Q

What is the Behaviourist Perspective of Personality?

A

Personality is a result of learned behaviour patterns based on our environment

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21
Q

Who is the founding father of behaviourism?

A

B. F. Skinner

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22
Q

The behaviourist perspective is deterministic:

A

people begin as blank slates and environment reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual’s subsequent behaviour and personalities

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23
Q

According to Skinner, all behaviour is a result of conditioning:

A
  • Classical conditioning

* Operant conditioning

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24
Q

The behaviourist perspective:

A
  • suggests that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment
  • studies observable/measurable behaviours, and does not take internal thoughts and feelings into account
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25
Q

Classical conditioning (assortative learning)

A

a person acquires a certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paired with a second, different stimulus that already produces the desired response.

26
Q

Operant conditioning

A

is a person’s action or behaviour that operates on the environment and produces consequences. Consequences are either reinforcements or punishments

27
Q

What is the Humanist Perspective of Personality?

A

Humanistic psychology, developed by Carl Rogers, asserts that humans are driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their own highest potential, and personality conflicts arise when this is somehow thwarted.

28
Q

Rather than stages, Carl Rogers described human development:

A

as progressing from undifferentiated to differentiated

29
Q

According to the humanistic perspective

A

development of a self-concept

30
Q

The self-concept was influenced by unconditional and conditional positive regard:

A
  • Those raised with unconditional positive regard have the opportunity to achieve self-actualization
  • Those raised with conditional positive regard feel worthy only when they’ve met certain conditions
31
Q

According to the humanistic perspective the ideal self is

A

an impossible standard we can never accomplish, shaped by society’s expectations

32
Q

When the real self and ideal self are incongruent, this may cause

A

psychopathology (based on the humanistic perspective)

33
Q

What is the Social Cognitive Perspective of Personality?

A

Personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behaviour behavioural, cognitive, and environmental factors. (In other words, our personalities are due to both nature and nurture.)

34
Q

The Social Cognitive personality theory emphasizes:

A

the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences and cognitive processes

35
Q

Who is the theorist most associated with the social learning or observational (vicarious) learning ?

A

Albert Bandura conducted the famous “Bobo doll” experiments

36
Q

What are the three components of the social cognitive perspective?

A
  1. The behavioural component includes patterns of behaviour learned through classical and operant conditioning, as well as observational learning.
  2. The cognitive component includes the mental processes involved in observational learning, as well as conscious cognitive processes such as self-efficacy beliefs (beliefs about one’s own abilities).
  3. The environmental component includes situational influences, such as opportunities, rewards, and punishments.
37
Q

Client-centered (humanistic therapy) method:

A

empathy and active listening and unconditional positive regard

38
Q

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

Genotype is the genetic makeup of the organism while the phenotype is the observable characteristics and traits of the organism.

39
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A

Behavioural genetics seeks to understand how the genotype and the environment affect the phenotype.

40
Q

Some of the personality theories give rise to therapeutic methods to treat mental conditions:

A

Psychoanalytic (help client develop insight into their unconscious conflict which are at the root of his or her maladaptive behaviour): “talk therapy” bring more psychic facts into conscious awareness

Humanistic (focused on healthy personality development): active listening and unconditional positive regard (non judgement)

Behavioural (Personality is determined by environmental rewards and punishments): reinforce behaviours through conditioning

Social cognitive (personality results from an interaction among behavioural + cognitive + environment): replacing a patient’s dysfunctional believes with more rational ones

41
Q

What is motivation?

A

The driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways

42
Q

What factors influence motivation?

A

Instincts: behaviours that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns throughout a species. Examples: curiosity, affection, sociability, play, imitation

Drives: Urges originating from a physiological discomfort. Examples: hunger, thirst, sleepiness

Needs: While including basic biological needs (physiological drives), this category also includes higher-level needs. Examples: safety, love/belonging, achievement

Arousal: Even when a person’s needs have apparently been met, restlessness, boredom, or curiosity may drive behaviour. Examples: doing things to increase or decrease arousal level

43
Q

The Drive-Reduction Theory

A

The drive-reduction theory suggests that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behaviour. (Negative feedback)

The greater the physiological need the greater the physiological drive, which is an aroused, motivated state.

44
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Abraham Maslow sought to explain human behaviour by creating a hierarchy of needs.

  • At the base of this pyramid are physiological needs, or the basic elements necessary to sustain human life.
  • If these needs are met, we will seek safety; if the need for safety is met, we will seek love, and so on.
  • His pyramid suggests that not all needs are created equal; some needs take priority over others.
45
Q

What are the three components of emotion?

A

Physiological component
Behavioural component
Cognitive component

46
Q

The physiological (bodily) component of emotion:

A

includes our physiological arousal, or an excitation of our body’s internal state. Example, increased heart rate, and sweating.

47
Q

The behavioural (action) component of emotion:

A

includes our expressive behaviours that accompany the emotion. Example, laughing or crying.

48
Q

The cognitive (mental) component of emotion:

A

includes our appraisal and interpretation of the situation. Examples, appraising situation of dangerous or scary.

49
Q

What are universal emotions?

A

The emotions that are expressed by all (normally developing or developed) humans across all cultures.

50
Q

What are the six universal emotions?

A 
Happiness 
Sadness
Surprise 
Fear 
Disgust 
Anger
51
Q

How is emotion adaptive?

A
  • Enhances survival by promoting quick decisions
  • Promotes group cohesion and solidarity
  • Helps in decision-making on a daily basis
52
Q

The relationship between performance and emotional arousal is a U-shaped correlation:

A

best when they are moderately aroused. This is known as the Yerkes-Dodson law.

53
Q

The James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Physiological arousal causes emotion.

Limitation: Assumes that each physiological response goes with one unique emotion, which is just not true.

54
Q

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Emotion and physiological arousal happen simultaneously and independently

55
Q

The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

emotion determined by arousal and (context) a cognitive interpretation of the situation

56
Q

Aterograde amnesia

A

(damaged hippocampus) a person cannot encode new memories

57
Q

What is attitude?

A

Our evaluation, on a scale from positive to negative, of other people, events, etc; attitudes are formed from our post and present experiences, are measurable and mutable, and have an important impact on our behaviours and emotions.

58
Q

What are the three components of attitude?

A

ABC’s of attitude:
Affect: our feelings about the person, object or event
Behaviour: our internal and external responses to the person, object, or event
Cognition: our thoughts and beliefs about the person, object, or event

59
Q

Attitudes influence our behaviours, but

A

our behaviours also influence of our attitudes

60
Q

Situations in which attitude better predict behaviour:

A
  1. Social influences are reduced: attitudes are more internal, while behaviours are more external, and therefore more susceptible to social influences.
  2. General patterns of behaviour, not specific behaviours, are observed: the principle of aggregation in which an attitude affects of person’s aggregate or average behaviour, but not necessarily each isolated act.
  3. Specific attitudes, rather than general attitudes, are considered.
  4. Self-reflection occurs: given time to consider and reflect, we are more likely to act based on our attitudes rather than impulsively.
61
Q

Situations in which behaviours are more likely to influence attitude:

A
  1. Role-playing: when we are in situations with defined roles, we are more likely to adjust our attitude to align with the behaviour. Philip Zimbardo’s prison study.
  2. Public declaration:
    * Declaring something publicly can influence our attitude to align with our declaration
  3. Justification of effort:
    * We have a tendency to attribute a greater value (greater than the objective value) to an outcome that we had to put more effort into acquiring or achieving.
    * When we engage in a behaviour that requires some degree of effort, we are more likely to shift our attitudes to align with the behaviour
62
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

This theory suggests that we feel tension (“dissonance”) whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs (“cognitions”) that are incompatible, or when our attitudes and behaviours don’t match; in order to reduce this unpleasant feeling of tension, we make our views of the world match how we feel or what we’ve done.

Psychology and Sociology Review (5 decks)

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