Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Flashcards
“An assumption or prediction that, purely as a result of having been made, causes the expected/predicted event to occur and thus confirms its own ‘accuracy.’”
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Self-fulfilling prophecies:
- what is _ to be real is more important than what is _ _.
- we respond to our _ of reality, not to reality _.
- we _ our own reality.
- believed, factually correct
- interpretation, itself
- create
A present event causes a future effect/outcome:
-present (cause/action) -> future (effect/reaction)
Traditional cause-and-effect explanations
A future (predicted) outcome causes a present event which causes the predicted (future) outcome. -future (cause/action) -> present (effect/reaction) -> future (effect/reaction).
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Impression Formation:
6 methods to characterize people
- Implicit personality theory
- Stereotypes
- Central traits
- Halo effects
- Primacy effect
- Recency effect
Implicit Personality Theory:
- We assume that traits _ to form an organized set of _.
- Allows us to make _ about a person’s _ and _ beyond information that is immediately available to us.
- We store these _ and _ in memory.
- ex the _ and the _
- cluster, relationships
- inferences, characteristics, behavior
- inferences, information
- “extrovert”, “introvert”
Stereotypes:
- Defined as: the unscientific _ that we make about _ by virtue of their membership in a _.
- We commonly infer that a _ of _ applies to persons of specific social groups.
- ex: Asians =
- Generalizations, individuals, group
- cluster, traits
- hard-working
Central Traits:
- We make inferences regarding traits about which we lack _ _.
- We infer favorable traits from _ _ traits and infer unfavorable traits from _ _ traits.
- ex: warm = _ and _; cold = _ and _
- direct cues
- favorable stimulus, unfavorable stimulus
- generous, happy, stingy, unhappy
Halo Effects:
- We tend to see someone who as one set of qualities that we like (or dislike) as being _ (or _) in all _ _.
- Why? Prevents _ _
- ex beautiful people are _ people.
- likable, unlikable, other respects
- cognitive dissonance
- good
Primacy Effect:
- _ information colors our _ of subsequent information.
- ex hearing someone is nice before you meet them, you will _ them as _ when you meet them.
- early, perception
- perceive, nice
Recency Effect:
- when we are already familiar with a person and later acquire new information about him/her, we tend to be most _ by what we have seen most _
- ex you think someone is mean, then you see them being nice… You think they are _.
- influenced, recently
- nice
How can 1st impressions become self-fulfilling prophecies?
- what happened in the phone experiment where men spoke to either “attractive” or “unattractive” women?
men treated “attractive” women better, and they responded accordingly. (behavioral confirmation)
Factors that influence friendship choice: (5)
- Proximity
- Physical Attractiveness
- Similarity
- Complementary Needs
- Social Exchange
Proximity provides opportunity for _.
Interaction
Matching hypothesis of mate selection:
-experience greatest _ and least _ when we direct our efforts toward someone of approximately _ _ _.
-Payoff, cost, equal physical attractiveness
