Self-Confidence and Efficacy Beliefs Flashcards
What is Self-Confidence?
- “The sureness of feeling equal to the task, a
sureness usually characterized by absolute
belief in ability” (Terry, 1989) - Unshakable self-belief that you can
successfully perform a desired behavior - Resilience
- Realistic attitudes
The Self-System (Shavelson et al., 1976)
Self-esteem is a hierarchical, multidimensional system:
- General self-esteem at the top
- Breaks down into specific domains (e.g., academic, social, physical)
- Each domain can be further divided (e.g., math, English under academic)
- Self-esteem is stable, but can change over time with experiences
Physical Self-Perception Profile (Fox & Corbin, 1998)
A model measuring physical self-worth through five subdomains:
1) Sport competence – skill in sports
2) Physical condition – fitness level
3) Body attractiveness – appearance satisfaction
4) Physical strength – muscular strength
5) Physical self-worth – overall physical self-esteem
Initial Model of Sport Confidence (Vealey, 1986)
Rationale:
- Dissatisfied with the lack of conceptual clarity of self-confidence in sport
- Need for sport-specific framework and definition
Purpose:
- Model to predict behaviour across a wide range of sporting situations
General position:
- Domain- ‘In sport’, rather than task-specific
Types of Self-Confidence? (Vealey, 1986)
Trait self-confidence:
Belief or degree of certainty individuals possess about their ability to be
successful in sport’.
State self-confidence:
‘Belief or degree of certainty individuals possess at a particular moment about their ability to be successful in sport’.
Initial Model of Sport Confidence (Vealey, 1986)
- SC-Trait and competitive orientation interact with the objective sport situation to produce SC-State
- SC-state most important predictor of
behaviour outcomes
Limitations of Initial Model of Sport Confidence
Limited Support:
- Competitive orientation and SC-State unrelated (Martin & Gill, 1991)
- Trait SC > State SC as sport performance predictor (Roberts & Vealey, 1992)
Dispositional trait/state-approach difficult to validate:
- Most likely that confidence exists on a continuum from state-like to trait-like.
Did not account for impact of external factors:
- Social
- Organisational
Reconceptualised Model of Sport Confidence (Vealey, 1998)
- Proposed a more advanced framework based on social cognitive perspective
- Single SC construct not a trait/state
dichotomy - Considered how confidence was
affected by personal, demographic, & organisational factors - Inclusion of sources of SC that are salient to individual
Achievement:
- Mastery
- Demonstration of ability
Social Climate:
- Social support
- Coach’s leadership
Self-regulation:
- Physical/mental preparation
- Physical self-presentation
- Environmental comfort
- Situational favourableness
- Vicarious experience
Types of Sport Confidence (Vealey & Chase, 2008)
Physical Skills & Training:
Belief or degree of certainty about his/her ability to execute physical skills necessary for successful performance
Cognitive Efficacy:
Belief or degree of certainty about his/her ability to mentally focus, concentrate & make decisions needed for successful performance
Resilience:
Belief or degree of certainty about his/her ability to regain focus, bounce back from poor performance & overcome doubts & setbacks to perform successfully
Integrative Model of Sport Confidence (Vealey & Chase, 2008)
- Level of competition
- Motivational climate
- Mastery vs. Performance Climates?
- Coach Behaviours
- Goals of the program/organisation
- Personality Characteristics (e.g., Optimism)
- Goal Orientations
- Attitudes
- Values
- Demographic factors
- Age
- Gender
- Ethnicity
Confidence Profiling Technique (Hays et al. 2010)
- Ideographic approach to the
assessment of sport confidence in
applied settings - Assessment of sport confidence from
the athlete’s own perspective - Identifying his/her sources, types and
levels of sport confidence
Social Cognitive/Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977, 1986)
- Originally developed within the
framework of social cognitive
theory - Dynamic and situation dependent
(i.e., a situation specific form of
self-confidence) - Multidimensional belief system
(e.g., behavioural, cognitive, and
emotional self-efficacy)
Self-Efficacy Beliefs (Bandura, 1977, 1997)
- Beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and
execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments” (1997, p.3) - Situation-specific form of self-confidence
- “Confidence in a given situation”
- Performance-focused
Types of Self-Efficacy Beliefs
- Ameliorative efficacy = Belief regarding one’s ability to cope with diverse threats (e.g., stress, pain)
- Competitive efficacy = Beliefs regarding performing successfully against an opponent
- Coping efficacy = As ameliorative efficacy
Learning efficacy Beliefs in one’s learning capabilities - Performance efficacy = Efficacy beliefs at the time of performance or competition
- Preparatory efficacy = Efficacy beliefs during acquisition phase of learning skills or during the preparation time for competition
- Self-regulatory efficacy = Beliefs in ability to exercise influence over one’s own motivation, thought processes, emotional states and patterns of behaviour
Self-presentational efficacy = Beliefs in ability to convey a desired impression to others
Task efficacy = Belief in ability to perform a specific task
Types of ‘Social’ Efficacy Beliefs
- Other-efficacy = Beliefs about a significant other’s capabilities (e.g., coach, teammate)
- Relation-inferred efficacy = A belief about a significant other’s judgments about his/her capabilities (coach/athlete)
- Collective efficacy = Beliefs that group members hold about group’s capabilities to organise and execute successful actions
Measuring Self-Efficacy (Bandura, 2006)
Efficacy Measurement Guidelines:
- No all-purpose measure
- Specific to domain of functioning
- Sport-specific
- Task-specific
- Situation-specific
- Gradations of challenge
- “can do” not “will do”
- Assess strength, generality, and level
