Self checks Flashcards
How are rewards used to encourage good behavior in operant conditioning + how often they must be given to; maintain the behavior?
a child’s good behavior is reinforced by rewarding them with something that they enjoy such as an approving smile, a piece of candy or a privilege. Early in training children might need to be rewarded after each instance of good behavior, but as it becomes more established, rewards can be given intermittently.
What is considered to be punishment in operant conditioning?
a punishment includes removing a desirable stimulus or introducing an unpleasant one in an effort to decrease frequency of an undesirable behavior. This might include such things as spanking, withdrawing a privilege, time-out from a pleasant activity, or a chastening remark.
According to social learning theory, what do children acquire through modeling/imitation?
They can learn social skills, language, standards of behavior, attitudes, and a host of their skills attitudes, and behaviors. They can observe and imitate both desirable/ undesirable behaviors
How might parents apply these theories to rearing their children?
they can use reinforcement and punishment to assists their kids to behave in socially acceptable ways, and they can understand the powerful influence of their behavior in the life of their children
What is the child’s role in cognitive development as conceptualized by Piaget?
the child is an active learner; constructs meaning form experience, and develops through interaction within the environment.
According to Piaget, do all children experience his four stages and in the prescribed order?
Yes, Piaget emphasizes an invariant sequence of qualitatively distinct cognitive stages that children progress through in the order he proposed
How have piaget’s ideas impacted the educational field?
In contrast to the traditional classroom, in which children are passive recipients of knowledge, piaget encouraged classroom environments where children actively participated in acquiring knowledge by using hands-on experiences, and developed new ideas in the context of a stimulating environment.
How might parents apply these theories to rearing their children?
Parents can provide stimulating environements that allow ther children to construct meaningful concepts; they can respect the cognitive capabilities of their children and not demand more than the child is capable of.
How do ethological theories differ from other theories we have reviewed?
the authors rely heavily on observations made in the animal world to propose ideas that have merit in human development as well.
What is a sensitive period and how it developed affected if this period is not taken advantage of?
a sensitive period is the optimal time of certain capabilities to emerge. If development does not occur at that time it may do so later, but is often harder to induce
What is the most important factor for encouraging secure attachment in infants?
sensitive caregiving
Which style of parenting?
She stands in front of the TV and yells, “Jimmy, I can’t believe this. Go to your room immediately!” As Jimmy sits in his room reading his comic book, he wonders what he did wrong. What type of parenting style is Tonya demonstrating?
coercive
Which style of parenting?
She says, “Jimmy, let’s talk for a minute. Remember during our family meeting last week, our family decided on a few family rules? Can you remember some of them?” Jimmy responds, “Yes, Mom, I think I can.” While repeating some of the rules, he says, “Oh, yeah, I forgot I wasn’t supposed to watch TV until after I finished my homework.” Jimmy turns off the TV, takes the popcorn to the table, and starts on his homework. What type of parenting style is Tonya demonstrating?
authoritative
Which style of parenting?
She shrugs her shoulders. She knows Jimmy should probably be doing his homework, but she is too busy to care about that. “As long as he’s happy and out of the way, I can get a few more things done around here,” she thinks. What type of parenting style is Tonya demonstrating?
permissive
Which style of parenting?
“Felicia, I know how much you would love to go to the dance with Steve but what does the prophet say about dating?” They proceed to discuss LDS Church dating guidelines and the safety that comes from adhering to them. Felicia decides to decline the invitation. What type of parenting style is Joni demonstrating?
authoritative
“Well, just this once won’t hurt, I suppose. I know how much you really want to go with him!” Although she just taught a lesson on this topic last Sunday to the young women in her class, it just seems too hard to implement this standard strictly in real life. Felicia accepts Steve’s invitation—hoping that this is the first of many! What type of parenting style is Joni demonstrating?
permissive
“Absolutely not!” Felicia is heartbroken and asks why, but her mother responds quickly, “Because I said so! Period!” Felicia secretly accepts the invitation and tells her mother that she is out with friends at the movies. Meanwhile, Steve picks her up at her best friend’s house the night of the dance. What type of parenting style is Joni demonstrating?
coercive
Situation #1: Sharon and Jim were excited when their first child, Tyson, began pulling himself up to the furniture. It was so cute to see those little legs rolling with baby fat scoot around their coffee table. They weren’t so excited when he began pulling off the magazines, ripping off the covers, and otherwise mangling the pages. After determining that his behavior was a result of _______, they sensed that it would do little good to explain to their 8-month-old child that his newfound activity (which he performed with such glee) was making their reading material unreadable. Instead, they sacrificed some of their Better Homes and Gardens decorating for something more practical. They substituted soft rubber toys and his board books for table décor and found another place for the magazines.
lack of knowledge
Situation #2: Fifteen-year-old Kim had always been a very social person and had done quite well in school. Now that she was in high school, it seemed as though her extracurricular activities, her outings with friends, and her long telephone conversations were monopolizing her time, with the result that her schoolwork was starting to suffer. She also started to develop a habit with certain “unmissable” television shows that she had to watch every week at their scheduled time, especially since Christmas, when her parents had given her a cellphone and a television for her own room. Her parents decided that at least in part, _______ was responsible. She often took her frustration with her poor school performance out on her little brothers. She resisted any interference by her parents until her regularly scheduled first Sunday of the month talk with her dad. After listening to her concerns, her father gently reminded her that she was allowing her unlimited use of the television and telephone to interfere with her responsibilities. They talked about her future goals and what she could work on now to reach her goals. With the support of her parents, she made some adjustments, and her grades began to improve.
environment
Situation #3a: Jake had been a pleasant, easy-going child until he approached his second birthday. More and more often, he insisted on having things his own way, doing things for himself, and becoming very upset if anything was taken from him. In fits of frustration, he would often drop to the ground and begin kicking and screaming. Tom determined that his behavior was probably due to ______.
developmental stage
Situation #3b: He found that there were a number of successful ways to deal with these tantrums, depending on the cause. He disregarded the behavior and focused on distracting Jake into a favorite activity. However, if the fit happened within an hour of bedtime, Tom realized that it was probably due to _______ and moved the bedtime routine along a little more quickly. Though Jake’s fits were fairly frequent at first, the calm way in which Tom usually handled these situations kept tantrums from being a manipulative technique that Jake could use. He came to understand that his dad could be trusted to be calm and consistent in dealing with these fits of temper.
unfulfilled need
Are the parents’ actions are based on a parenting style or a parenting practice?
Rachel often leaves the room or ignores her son when he does something naughty.
Parenting practice
Are the parents’ actions are based on a parenting style or a parenting practice?
When Rick’s 16-year-old son comes home late, he grounds him for a week
parenting practice
Are the parents’ actions are based on a parenting style or a parenting practice?
Frank’s children feel like he is one of their buddies. He is a great friend to them and rarely punishes them for misbehaving.
parenting style
Are the parents’ actions are based on a parenting style or a parenting practice?
Marjorie spends little time with her children. When she is around them she is overly demanding and controlling.
parenting style
Greater verbal abilities.
girls
