Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social psychology > Self and Social identity theory > Flashcards

Self and Social identity theory Flashcards

1
Q

What is our self concept made up of?

A
  1. Social identity
  2. Personal idenity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Does our self concept change as we have more experience & relationships?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is it called when we perceive ourselves to be more like significant others..

A

Assimilation effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is it called when we perceive ourselves to be different to others..

A

Contrast effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are contrast effects more common, if so why?

A

Yes
* Contrast effects are mroe common as they’re viewed as a point of reference
* e.g. well I’m not like them becuase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is the self stable?

A
    • It is typically stable, but can vary across different social situations
  • We possess knowledge about our social environment, which we use to adapt our behaviour to meet social demands.
  • This flexibility leads to multiple self-concepts, including the good self, bad self, hoped-for self, feared self, not-me self, ideal self, possible self, and ought self.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Can our self perceptions shift?

A

Yes, depedning on the sutuation - known as self relevant thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is it called a ‘working self concept’ ?

A

Becuase of the dynamic nature of the self
* It continually evolves based on expereince and context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do we consider when defining ourselves?

A
  1. Individualised self concept - a persons unique sense of identity, diff to others
  2. Our interpersonal relationship with others
  3. Our relationships with other groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Baumeister & Leary., 1995 say?

A

That ..
* Individuals define themselves through relationships and group affiliations, deriving self-worth from these social identities
OUR NEED TO BELONG IS INNATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DESCRIBE THE PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND COLLECTIVE SELF Breckler & Greenwald., 1986

A

Private Self: individual’s inner thoughts, feelings, and personal attributes, hidden from others’ observation, shaped by internal factors like emotions, values, beliefs, and personal experiences.
Public Self: Reflects how we perceive others evaluating us, based on interactions and feedback. For example, if someone tells us we’re kind, we may incorporate that into our self-perception.
Collective Self: Involves internalized beliefs consistent with group identification. For instance, identifying as left-wing might lead us to see ourselves as fair and democratic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give me some traits of an independent person

A
  • bounded, stable, autonomous
  • has personal goals
  • competitive
  • strives to feel good about self
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give me some traits for the interdependent self

A
  • fluid, flexibile
  • orientated to the collective
  • cooperative
  • responsible with others for group behaviour
  • relies on social relationships to guide action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are most people independent or interdependent?

A

Most people are a mix of both, but sit to one side more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is individualism?

A

Focuses on independence, uniqueness, and prioritizing individual needs over group needs (common in Western cultures).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is collectivism?

A

Emphasizes interdependence, social connections, and prioritizing the needs of the group over individual needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the self construal theory?
(Markus et al., 1980)

A

explores how individuals shape their self-concept based on cultural influences, fitting into either independent or interdependent categories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are relational schemas?
(Baldwin., 1992)

A

Mental frameworks that represent patterns in interpersonal relationships, including selfm others, and interaction dynamics
* Learning through interaction
* We have these schemas based on our experiences with people

19
Q

Give an example of a relational schema

A

For example, if someone has a schema that parents respond to their children’s cries, they may expect this behaviour from most parents and exhibit it themselves. These schemas can be shared or contrast with others’ schemas. Contrast effects are common.

20
Q

What are relational schemas made up of?

A
  1. Schema for self
  2. Schema for others
  3. Relationship schema/Interpersonal scripts
21
Q

What do the parts of relational schema do?

A

They all combine to build a pattern of interaction which routinely occurs and is activated by a social situation

22
Q

What are interpersonal scripts?

A
  • Learned sequences of behaviors and responses that guide individuals through specific social interactions,
  • Provides guidelines on how to behave and what to say based on past experiences and social norms.
  • Learn to anticipate these schemas when using ‘IF’ or ‘When’ e.g. “If I work late my manager will think I’m a hard worker”.
23
Q

Describe Smith & Henry (1996) study design

oningroup, outgroup and themselves

A
  • asked students to describe (a) themselves, (b) an ingroup, and (c) a corresponding outgroup on 90 traits.
  • (Ingroup was their subject and outgroup was another subject).
  • After a delay, participants made speeded yes–no self-descriptiveness judgments of the same traits.
24
Q

Describe Smith & Henry (1996) study findings

A

Participants were quicker to identify traits shared with the ingroup compared to unshared traits.

25
Q

What are the three explanations of Smith & Henry 1966 study?

A
  1. Social Cognitive Theory: Group attributes become part of the self-concept, linking mental representations of the self and the ingroup directly.
  2. People affiliate with groups mirroring their own attributes. Individuals seek groups with similar characteristics to themselves.
  3. Projection: Individuals project their own traits onto their ingroups, viewing the group based on their own characteristics.
26
Q

What is self concept influenced by?

A

**Validity: **Self verification through feedback in environment (‘Have I done the right thing’)
Consistency: self-confirmation, we want to ideally have an internally consistent idea about ourselves
Favourability: on the other hand, we want to feel good about ourselves – process is much more about self enhancement rather than self-verification. The outcome is a certain state of self-esteem.

27
Q

What is self esteem?

A

A psoitive attitude towards the self, it is vital for everyday functioning

28
Q

What builds self esteem?

A

Self enhancement and results in positive group enhancement
* Also, self esteem is highly linked with positive thinking and self help technqiues

29
Q

How is self esteem measured?

A
  1. Rosenbergs self esteem scale
  2. IAT
  3. Attitude priming task
  4. Stroop task
30
Q

What is self affirmation?
Cohen et al 2009

A

Involves affirming one’s values and strengths to protect self esteem

31
Q

What is stereotype threat?
Cohen et al., 2009

A

Occurs when individuals fear confirming negative stereotypes about their group
* Leads to anxiety, reduced performance adn self fufillinf prophecies

32
Q

Can self affirmation mitigate the effcts of stereotype threat? If so how?

A

Yes, by boosting confidence and self worth

33
Q

Tell me about Cohen et al., 2009 study on self affirmations impact on stereotype threat.

A

2 year longitudinal study looking at self affirmations impact on stereotype threat on a range of backgrounds and abilities.
* Found self-affirmation helped low performing, stereotyped African American students perform better than those in nonstereotyped, high performing groups who didn’t engage in self-affirmation
- Suggests self-affirmation buffers stereotype threat, improving performance in marginalized groups.

34
Q

How does SELF ENHANCEMENT BUILD SELF ESTEEM AND RESULTS IN INGROUP ENHANCEMENT?

A

1.** Self-affirmation** (Steele., 1998): Individuals adapt to info or experiences that are threatening to our self-concept. This works by alleviating discomfort by affirming unrelated concepts such as ‘I am not spell well but I excel in stats’
2. Social comparison: comparing ourselves to those worse off on the comparison point through self-reflection.
THIS BUILDS PERSONAL AND SOCIAL IDENTITY

35
Q

What are the consequences of this ingroup enhancement?

A
  1. Motivates individuals to seek membership in prestigious groups because being associated with such groups enhances their own self-worth
  2. Become invested in the success and reputation of their groups, striving for their groups to achieve positive outcome
  3. Feel attached to our groups
36
Q

What is our perception influenced by?

A

Social context, raising questions about objectivity

37
Q

What is ingroup heterogenity?

A
  • Acknowledges differences within one’s group
  • We realise there are lots of differences amoung us (personalities and beliefs)
38
Q

What is outgroup homogenity?

A

Perceives members of other groups as uniform
* Tend to see them as the same, without differences between them unalike ingroup heterogenity

39
Q

Describe the two study’s looking at homogenity

A

Brigham & Barkowitz., 1978
In an experiment, participants recognised ingroup members faces better than outgroup members, reflecting this bias. White group recognised white photos better and Black group recognsied black photos better.

Linville et al., 1989
Another study on age perception showed discrimination between age groups, highlighting ageism as a form of prejudice

40
Q

What is teh social identity theory?
Tajifel & Turner., 1979

A
  • Brings together self, groups and social cognition
    Our sense of self is closely tied to our group memberships.
  • The process of identifying with groups drives various interactions in both ingroups (groups we belong to) & outgroups (groups we don’t belong to)
41
Q

Describe the study on grouping objects and people
Tajifel & Wilkes 1963

A

Explored how boundaries influence perceptions of similarity and dissimilarity.
* Used a line ordering task with stimulus materials (spikes) to demonstrate this.
* Participants easily ordered lines on a continuum.
* When told there were two types of lines (A and B), perceptions slightly changed.

Creating boundaries led to overemphasis on differences between groups.

  • Showed that what works in the physical world with lines applies to the social world.
  • Demonstrated how perceptions are influenced by social categorization and group boundaries.
42
Q

What did Tajifel say about groups?

A

Group formation is a complex topic, often tied to shared experiences and interdependence. However, Tajfel proposed that **categorization alone is enough to create groups. **

43
Q

What is the minimal group paradigm and why was it made?

A

While factors like interdependence and common fate are important (Lewin., 1948), Tajfel’s work suggests that categorization is the primary driver of group behaviour.

44
Q

Describe the minimal group paradigm study
Tajifel et al., 1971

A
  • Involves assigning participants to groups based on arbitrary criteria.
  • Even without meaningful differences between the groups, participants show favouritism toward their ingroup and discrimination against outgroups, highlighting the influence of social categorization on behaviour.
  • In the study put in groups based on arbitrary criteria based on dot estimator task, ptc consistently favoured own group giving more rewards to group members.

Social psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions