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Social psychology > Prejudice > Flashcards

Prejudice Flashcards

1
Q

What is prejudice?
(Brown., 2010)

A
  • Any attitide, emotion or behaviour towards memebers of a group, which directly or indirectly implies negativity or antipathy towards this group (Brown., 2010)
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2
Q

Is prejudice a subjective, pre-informed judgement?

A

Yes.
* It is a subjective evaluation, leading to an attitude towards a person based soley on that person’s group membership

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3
Q

What does prejudice have a lot to do with?

A

Categorical processing

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4
Q

What is a sterotype?

A
  • A set of beliefs surrounding members of a social group
  • Fixed ideas/thoughts or propositions that are likely to be wrong
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5
Q

What happens when a sterotype is evaulated?

A

It leads to prejudice
* It can even be a justification for prejudice that is already established

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6
Q

What is the sterotype content model?
(Fiske., 2018)

A
  • The model states that social evaluation has TWO core components
  • Explain how people from opinions and make judgements about infividuals or groups based on perceived warmth and competence
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7
Q

What are the two components of the sterotype content model? Fiske 2018

A
  1. Warmth: How friendly, trustworthy, adn well intentioned someone seems, and their willingness to cooperate
  2. Competence: Someones socioeconomic status, perceived intellegence and how skilled & capable someone appears
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8
Q

What are the four quadrants that our judgements fall into (According to the stereotype content model)

A

1) High in warmth but not competence
2) High in warmth and competence
3) High in competence but not warmth
4) High in warmth and low in competence

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9
Q

What factors complement prejudice?

A
  • Warmth and competence (cuddy et al., 2008; Fiske; 2018)
  • Agency & Communion (Abele et al., 2007)
  • Morality and competence based traurs (Wojciszke., 2005)
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10
Q

Why are sterotypes and prejudice unfair?

A
  • As they involve judging people based on assumptions and not individual qualities - DENIAL OF INDIVIDUALITY
  • Sharedness INCREASES the social impact
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11
Q

What are the developmental explanations of prejudice & stereotypes?

A
  • They develop over time due to eductaion, upbringing and personality factors
  • They tend to stabalise by adolesense (Crocetti et al., 2021)
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12
Q

What are the cognitive explanations of prejudice?

A

Our mental processes simplify the world, leading to the formation of sterotypes for social groups

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13
Q

Social explanations of prejudice …

A

Prejudice serves to maintain societal inequalities, as suggested by social dominance theory (Sidanius & Pratto., 1999)

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14
Q

Social cognitive explanations of prejudice …

A

Social identity theory (taijfel 19

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15
Q

Consequences of prejudice
AT THE LEVEL OF THE PERCEIVER

A
  • Our preconcieved beliefs about a group PREDICTS how we are going to act towards that group
  • This can be explained/predicted by someones warmth & competence - behaviour from intergroup effect can affect stereotype
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16
Q

What is the intergroup effect?

A

Emotions individuals from one group feel towards individuals from another group - can be positive (emphathy), or negative (fear)

17
Q

How do beliefs influence behaviour (level of perciever)

A
  1. Confirmation bias: People notice and remember info that confirms their stereotypes, leads to biased interpretations of others behaviour
  2. Implicit bias: Stereotypes can operate unconsciously - causes unintentional discriminatory behaviours
  3. Self fufilling prophecy: Stereotypes can become trye if people ac based on them. E.g. if teachers believe certain students are less intellegent, they may provide less support = poor academic performance
18
Q

Definition of Social Dominance Theory
(Didanius & Pratto., 1999)

A

Seeks to explain how societal hierarchies and intergroup relations are maintained and perpectuated
* This hierarchy is not just result of individual actions but is deeply ingrained in structure of society

19
Q

How are group based inequalities maintained?

A

Through 3 types of intergroup behaviours

  1. Aggregated individual discrimination: small discriminitary acts accumulate overtime
  2. Behaviour asymmetry: Dominant groups maintain position by exhibiting beh that reinforce their privilege, whilst subordinate groups face challenges
  3. Institutional discrimination: Perpectuate social inequality through laws, politics, and organisational practices
20
Q

Tell me about the behaviours that either reinforce or challenge legitimising myths..

A
  1. Hierarchy- enhancing: support and strengthen social hierarchies. e.g. racist ideologies
  2. Hierarchy attenuating: aim to reduce or challenge social hierarchies. e.g. socialism, multiculturalism.
21
Q

What is social dominance orientation?

A

Explains that individuals will endorse legitimising myths depending on their social dominance orientation

22
Q

What are legitimising myths?

A
  • Beliefs that justify discrimination and inequality
23
Q

What is SDO measured by?

A

Self report scales

24
Q

What does having a high SDO mean?

A

More likely to accept and promote ideas that legitimise inequalities and the dominance of certain groups over others in society

25
Q

How are explicit measures used to measure attitudes?

A

Aim to **directly **assess individuals’ consciously held attitudes and beliefs about particular social groups. These measures typically involve self-reporting

26
Q

How are implicit measures used to measure attitudes?

A

Used to uncover hidden attitudes
* Try to reveal what people may not want to admit

27
Q

Give me examples of explicit prejudice measures..

A

1.** Social distance scale** (Bogardus., 1993) - willingness to interact w diff groups in avrious social contexts
2. F-Scale (Adorno et al., 1950): Assesses authoritarianism through attitudes towards various societal values.
3. **Modern Racism Scale ** (McConahay et al., 1981): Gauges subtle racial biases through perceptions of societal issues.
4. **Symbolic Racism **2000 Scale (Henry & Sears, 2002): Evaluates beliefs about racial equality and meritocracy.

28
Q

Tell me about the Implicit Association test ..
(Greenwald et al., 1998)

A
  • Assesses the strength of associations between pairs of concepts, such as social groups and positive or negative attributes, by examining participants’ response times.
  • Measures implicit associations in memory.
  • Ptn respond to 2 different social categories and to positive/negative attributes in a reaction time task
  • If an implicit association exists, then ptn should respond faster when category and attribute share the same response key

However, the response is not entirely free from influence by other factors. Research shows:
* White experimenters induce stronger biases than Black ones, suggesting external factors can impact responses (Lowery et al., 2001).
* Thinking about counter-stereotypic group members before the test can reduce bias, indicating that interventions can affect IAT outcomes (Blair et al., 2001).

29
Q

Implicit association refers to ..

A

the automatic and unconscious mental connections or associations between concepts that individuals hold

30
Q

What can implicit associations lead to?

A

the influence of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour without conscious awareness or deliberate control

31
Q

What is behaviour influenced by?

A
  1. Emotional reactions from different groups (intergroup effect)
  2. **Cognitive biases **(stereotypes)
    * Leads to positive/negative interactions
    * Understadning and addressing these dynamics is crucial for promoting a POSITIVE INTERGROUP
32
Q

What are the consequences of prejudice
(AT THE LEVEL OF VICTIM)

A
  • Stereotypes can overshadow social interactions and become self fufilling prophecies
33
Q

Victims of stereotype can experience ..

A
  1. Behavioural confirmation: People act in ways that match stereotypes they’re labelled with. For instance, if someone is always seen as aggressive, they might start acting more aggressively because of how others treat them
  2. Stereotype threat: Acting in anticipation of being stereotyped, this anxiety affects performance.
34
Q

Tell me about the study on stereotype threat (Taylor & Walton., 2011)

A

Used black and white participants
Condition 1: No info on the test, no difference in results
Condition 2: Given information on diagnostic ability because of stereotypes – Black ptc performance dropped, suggesting they part responded to the idea that the test says something about prejudice (consequences of prejudice).

Social psychology (2 decks)

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