Prejudice

Question 1

What is prejudice?
(Brown., 2010)

Answer 1

• Any attitide, emotion or behaviour towards memebers of a group, which directly or indirectly implies negativity or antipathy towards this group (Brown., 2010)

Question 2

Is prejudice a subjective, pre-informed judgement?

Answer 2

Yes.
* It is a subjective evaluation, leading to an attitude towards a person based soley on that person’s group membership

Question 3

What does prejudice have a lot to do with?

Answer 3

Categorical processing

Question 4

What is a sterotype?

Answer 4

• A set of beliefs surrounding members of a social group
• Fixed ideas/thoughts or propositions that are likely to be wrong

Question 5

What happens when a sterotype is evaulated?

Answer 5

It leads to prejudice
* It can even be a justification for prejudice that is already established

Question 6

What is the sterotype content model?
(Fiske., 2018)

Answer 6

• The model states that social evaluation has TWO core components
• Explain how people from opinions and make judgements about infividuals or groups based on perceived warmth and competence

Question 7

What are the two components of the sterotype content model? Fiske 2018

Answer 7

1. Warmth: How friendly, trustworthy, adn well intentioned someone seems, and their willingness to cooperate
2. Competence: Someones socioeconomic status, perceived intellegence and how skilled & capable someone appears

Question 8

What are the four quadrants that our judgements fall into (According to the stereotype content model)

Answer 8

1) High in warmth but not competence
2) High in warmth and competence
3) High in competence but not warmth
4) High in warmth and low in competence

Question 9

What factors complement prejudice?

Answer 9

• Warmth and competence (cuddy et al., 2008; Fiske; 2018)
• Agency & Communion (Abele et al., 2007)
• Morality and competence based traurs (Wojciszke., 2005)

Question 10

Why are sterotypes and prejudice unfair?

Answer 10

• As they involve judging people based on assumptions and not individual qualities - DENIAL OF INDIVIDUALITY
• Sharedness INCREASES the social impact

Question 11

What are the developmental explanations of prejudice & stereotypes?

Answer 11

• They develop over time due to eductaion, upbringing and personality factors
• They tend to stabalise by adolesense (Crocetti et al., 2021)

Question 12

What are the cognitive explanations of prejudice?

Answer 12

Our mental processes simplify the world, leading to the formation of sterotypes for social groups

Question 13

Social explanations of prejudice …

Answer 13

Prejudice serves to maintain societal inequalities, as suggested by social dominance theory (Sidanius & Pratto., 1999)

Question 14

Social cognitive explanations of prejudice …

Answer 14

Social identity theory (taijfel 19

Question 15

Consequences of prejudice
AT THE LEVEL OF THE PERCEIVER

Answer 15

• Our preconcieved beliefs about a group PREDICTS how we are going to act towards that group
• This can be explained/predicted by someones warmth & competence - behaviour from intergroup effect can affect stereotype

Question 16

What is the intergroup effect?

Answer 16

Emotions individuals from one group feel towards individuals from another group - can be positive (emphathy), or negative (fear)

Question 17

How do beliefs influence behaviour (level of perciever)

Answer 17

1. Confirmation bias: People notice and remember info that confirms their stereotypes, leads to biased interpretations of others behaviour
2. Implicit bias: Stereotypes can operate unconsciously - causes unintentional discriminatory behaviours
3. Self fufilling prophecy: Stereotypes can become trye if people ac based on them. E.g. if teachers believe certain students are less intellegent, they may provide less support = poor academic performance

Question 18

Definition of Social Dominance Theory
(Didanius & Pratto., 1999)

Answer 18

Seeks to explain how societal hierarchies and intergroup relations are maintained and perpectuated
* This hierarchy is not just result of individual actions but is deeply ingrained in structure of society

Question 19

How are group based inequalities maintained?

Answer 19

Through 3 types of intergroup behaviours

1. Aggregated individual discrimination: small discriminitary acts accumulate overtime
2. Behaviour asymmetry: Dominant groups maintain position by exhibiting beh that reinforce their privilege, whilst subordinate groups face challenges
3. Institutional discrimination: Perpectuate social inequality through laws, politics, and organisational practices

Question 20

Tell me about the behaviours that either reinforce or challenge legitimising myths..

Answer 20

1. Hierarchy- enhancing: support and strengthen social hierarchies. e.g. racist ideologies
2. Hierarchy attenuating: aim to reduce or challenge social hierarchies. e.g. socialism, multiculturalism.

Question 21

What is social dominance orientation?

Answer 21

Explains that individuals will endorse legitimising myths depending on their social dominance orientation

Question 22

What are legitimising myths?

Answer 22

• Beliefs that justify discrimination and inequality

Question 23

What is SDO measured by?

Answer 23

Self report scales

Question 24

What does having a high SDO mean?

Answer 24

More likely to accept and promote ideas that legitimise inequalities and the dominance of certain groups over others in society

Question 25

How are explicit measures used to measure attitudes?

Answer 25

Aim to ***directly ***assess individuals' consciously held attitudes and beliefs about particular social groups. These measures typically involve self-reporting

Question 26

How are implicit measures used to measure attitudes?

Answer 26

Used to uncover hidden attitudes * Try to reveal what people may not want to admit

Question 27

Give me examples of explicit prejudice measures..

Answer 27

1.** Social distance scale** (Bogardus., 1993) - willingness to interact w diff groups in avrious social contexts 2. **F-Scale** (Adorno et al., 1950): Assesses authoritarianism through attitudes towards various societal values. 3. **Modern Racism Scale ** (McConahay et al., 1981): Gauges subtle racial biases through perceptions of societal issues. 4. **Symbolic Racism **2000 Scale (Henry & Sears, 2002): Evaluates beliefs about racial equality and meritocracy.

Question 28

Tell me about the Implicit Association test .. (Greenwald et al., 1998)

Answer 28

* Assesses the strength of associations between pairs of concepts, such as social groups and positive or negative attributes, by examining participants' response times. * Measures implicit associations in memory. * Ptn respond to 2 different social categories and to positive/negative attributes in a reaction time task * If an implicit association exists, then ptn should respond faster when category and attribute share the same response key However, the response is not entirely free from influence by other factors. Research shows: * White experimenters induce stronger biases than Black ones, suggesting external factors can impact responses (Lowery et al., 2001). * Thinking about counter-stereotypic group members before the test can reduce bias, indicating that interventions can affect IAT outcomes (Blair et al., 2001).

Question 29

Implicit association refers to ..

Answer 29

the automatic and unconscious mental connections or associations between concepts that individuals hold

Question 30

What can implicit associations lead to?

Answer 30

the influence of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour without conscious awareness or deliberate control

Question 31

What is behaviour influenced by?

Answer 31

1. **Emotional reactions from different groups** (intergroup effect) 2. **Cognitive biases **(stereotypes) * Leads to positive/negative interactions * Understadning and addressing these dynamics is crucial for promoting a **POSITIVE INTERGROUP**

Question 32

What are the consequences of prejudice ***(AT THE LEVEL OF VICTIM)***

Answer 32

* Stereotypes can overshadow social interactions and become self fufilling prophecies

Question 33

Victims of stereotype can experience ..

Answer 33

1. **Behavioural confirmation:** People act in ways that match stereotypes they're labelled with. **For instance,** if someone is always seen as aggressive, they might start acting more aggressively because of how others treat them 2. **Stereotype threat:** Acting in anticipation of being stereotyped, this anxiety affects performance.

Question 34

Tell me about the study on stereotype threat (Taylor & Walton., 2011)

Answer 34

Used black and white participants **Condition 1:** No info on the test, no difference in results **Condition 2:** Given information on diagnostic ability because of stereotypes – Black ptc performance dropped, suggesting they part responded to the idea that the test says something about prejudice (consequences of prejudice).