self and personality Flashcards
1
Q
what is Self
A
how individuals define their existence, organize experiences, and display consistent behavior patterns.
2
Q
self consists of:
A
- Personal identity (individual traits, beliefs, goals)
- Social identity (group affiliations, cultural background).
3
Q
Kinds of Self
A
- Personal Self: Focuses on individuality, personal goals, and independence.
- Biological self: biological needs leads to the development of this
- Social Self/Relational Self: Focuses on relationships, belonging, and interdependence. Formed based on interactions with close individuals like family and friends.
4
Q
self concept is ____
A
how we perceieve ourselves and ideas we hold about our competencies and attributes.
5
Q
self is the ____ of a person about themself.
A
value-judgement
6
Q
at the age of 6-7 years, children develop esteem in ___ areas
A
- academic competence
- social competence
- physical athletic
- physical appearance
7
Q
T/F
we do not combine separate self evaluations into our overall self esteem.
A
FALSE.
8
Q
T/F self esteem shows a strong relationship without everyday behaviour.
A
TRUE.
9
Q
low esteem in all areas displays:
A
anxiety, depression and antisocial behaviour.
10
Q
___ parenting helps in the development of high self esteem.
A
warm and positive
11
Q
why does warm parenting ensure high self esteem?
A
because they are accepted as competent and worthwhile.
12
Q
why should parents not make every decision for their children?
A
if makes them suffer from low self esteem when decisions are made for them even when not needed.
13
Q
self efficacy is:
A
belief in one’s ability to achieve goals.
how much they believe that their life outcomes are controlled by luck or fate.
they believe that they have the required skills for the particular situation.
14
Q
A
15
Q
T/F.
notion of self efficacy is based on bandura’s social learning theory.
A
TRUE. HAHAHAHAHHAAHHA
16
Q
T/F
people’s expectations on their own mastery, belief in their effectiveness determines their type of behaviour and risks they take.
A
TRUE ASF.
17
Q
a strong sense of self efficacy allows people to
A
select, influence and construct circumstances of their own life.
18
Q
what helps develop strong self efficacy
A
- society
- parents
- our positive experiences (by)
- positive models in formative years
19
Q
self regulation is
A
Ability to control and adjust behavior based on external demands.
20
Q
what is will power?
A
resistance to situational pressures and control over ourself
21
Q
self control is
A
the ability to delay or defer the gratification of needs
22
Q
T/F
self controls doesn’t play a key role in fulfilment in long term goals.
A
FALSE.
23
Q
how does indian culture provide us with mechanisms for self control?
A
fasting in vrata/roza
non attachment to worldly things
24
Q
A
25
Psychological techniques for self-regulation include:
1. Self-Observation: Monitoring one's own behavior.
2. Self-Instruction: Giving oneself directions.
3. Self-Reinforcement: Rewarding oneself for good behavior
26
distinction between wear and Indian views in self
•*Western Cultures* emphasize individualism (independent self-concept, personal goals over group goals). Clear dichotomies. self and group are two entities, even as members of group, individualith maintained. INDIVIDUALISTIC
•*indian Culture* promotes a fluid self that connects with society and cosmic harmony and next moment fully focuses on the individual self. COLLECTIVIST.
27
what is persona
mask used by actors of roman theatre
28
what is personality to a lay person?
physical or external appearance of individual. based on superficial expression, which may not be correct.
29
personality in psychology refers to
unique and stable psychological traits that shape an individual's behavior across different situations over period of time.
30
personality is characterized by:
1. physical and psychological components.
2. expression in terms of behaviour is unique
3. main features do not change easily.
4. dynamic - some features may change due to external or internal situational demands.
31
why should we understand personality?
allows us to deal with people in a realistic and acceptable manner
32
what is temperament
biologically based characteristic way of behaving.
33
trait is ____, ____ and ____ way of behaving
stable, persistence and specific
34
T/F
disposition is the tendency of a person to act in a given situation in a particular manner.
TRUE
35
character is overall pattern of ______ occurring behaviour
regularly
36
habits are over learned modes of ___
behaving
37
type theory
examines broad patterns in observed behavioural characteristics
38
39
trait theory
focuses on specific psychological attributes which tend to differ in consistent and stable traits
try to find the building blocks of personality
40
interactional approach
says that situational characteristics play an imp role in determining behaviour 🤗
41
Type approach theorists
1. Hippocrates
2. charak samhita (aryuveda) triguna and tridosha
3. Sheldon
4. Jung
5. friedman and rosenman + Morriss
42
the four fluids or humor
sanguine, phelgmatic, melancholic and choleric
43
tridoshas
vata, pitta, kapha
44
T/F
prakriti refers to the type of temperament (nature of a person)
TRUE
45
trigunas
Sattva guna - cleanliness, truthfulness, dutiful
Rajas Guna - gratification, dissatisfaction, envy
Tamas guna - arrogance, laziness, depression
46
T/F
Only one (tri)guna is present in everyone.
FALSE. every guna is present in varying degrees. Dominance of one leads to a particular behaviour.
47
The three categories By sheldon
Endomorphic - fat round and amiable
Ectomorphic - thin, fragile, artistic and brainy
Mesomorphic - strong musculature, energetic, courageous
48
theories under trait approach
**Gordon Allport**: Classified traits into:
1. **Cardinal Traits** (dominant personality traits like Gandhi's non-violence).
2. **Central Traits** (common traits like honesty, kindness).
3. **Secondary Traits** (situational traits like food preferences).
- **Raymond Cattell**: Used **Factor Analysis**, identified **16 Personality Factors (16PF Test).**
- **Hans Eysenck**: Proposed three major personality dimensions:
1. **Extraversion-Introversion**
2. **Neuroticism-Stability**
3. **Psychoticism-Sociability**
49
Five-Factor Model of Personality given by
Paula costa and Robert McCrae
50
Full form of OCEAN
1. **Openness to Experience**: Curious, creative, imaginative.
2. **Conscientiousness**: Organized, responsible, goal-oriented.
3. **Extraversion**: Sociable, energetic, outgoing.
4. **Agreeableness**: Kind, cooperative, warm.
5. **Neuroticism**: Emotionally unstable, anxious, moody.
51
levels of consciousness
1. conscious - thoughts feelings actions that the person is aware of
2. preconscious - mental activities that become aware when attended closely
3. unconscious - mental activity that is unaware
52
why is unconscious so important to frued?
it is a reservoir of instinctive or animal drives. It stores all ideas and wishes concealed from the conscious awareness perhaps they lead to psychological conflicts (mostly from sexual desires). unsuccessful resolution of conflicts leads to abnormal behaviour.
53
what is psychoanalysis?
therapeutic procedure where repressed unconscious material is brought to the conscious to live a more self awareness and integral manner
54
what is the structure of personality according to frued
**Id**: Primitive, pleasure-seeking part (wants immediate gratification).
- **Ego**: Reality-oriented, balances id and superego.
- **Superego**: Moral conscience, internalized societal norms.
55
what are the two instinctual forces?
life (or sexual) instinct - energised by libido
and death instinct
56
what are defense mechanisms
way of reducing anxiety and distorting reality for ego to cope up with the anxiety
helps defend ego against the awareness of instinctual needs
57
types of defense mechanism
repression - provoking behaviour or thoughts dismissed by the unconscious
projection - attribute their own traits to other
denial - refuses to accept reality
reaction formation - adopting behaviours opposite to their true feelings
rationalisation - tries to make unreasonable feelings reasonable
58
psychosexual stages
Oral Stage (0-1 yr) - Pleasure from mouth activities.
2. Anal Stage (1-3 yrs) - Control over bowel movements.
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs) - Oedipus & Electra Complex.
4. Latency Stage (6-12 yrs) - Social development.
5. Genital Stage (12+ yrs) - Sexual maturation and adulthood.
59
T/F
failure of a child to pass successfully through a stage leads to fixation to that stage.
TRUE.
60
TF
fixation doesn't lead to regression
TRUE.
61
Post freudian are also called
Neo analytics/post freudian
62
Neo analytical theorists
- **Carl Jung**: Introduced **Collective Unconscious** (universal memories, archetypes like the 'Mother' and 'Hero').
- **Alfred Adler**: Emphasized **Inferiority Complex** & **Compensation** (striving for superiority).
- **Karen Horney**: Opposed Freud’s gender bias, introduced **Basic Anxiety** (childhood social environment shapes personality).
- **Alfred Adler**- individual psychology, human behaviour is pureposefula & goal oriented (sup/inferiority complex)
- **Erich Fromm** - social beings - realisation for potential arises from desrie for freedom, strive for justice and truth
- **Erik Erikson**: 8 Psychosocial Stages (e.g., Identity vs. Role Confusion in adolescence).
63
criticism for psychodynamics theories
1. based on case studies, no scientific basis
2. small and a typical individuals as samples for generalisation
3. concept not properly defined
4. difficult to submit them to scientific testing
4. overlooked female perspectives and experiences
64
behavioural approach says that
Personality is learned through experiences, reinforcements, and observation.
focuses on how responses are learned through direct interactions with the environment rather than internal, unobservable dynamics.
65
fundamental principals of behavioural approach
Stimulus–Response (S-R): Behavior is a reaction to external stimuli.
Learning & Reinforcement: Behaviors are acquired and maintained by reinforcement (rewards) and punishment.
eg. kid hates veggies but learns to eats when praised
66
major theories of behavioural approach
classical conditioning(pavlov), instrumental conditioning (skinner), observational learning (bandura)
67
what is special about behavioural approach?
takes social learning in account while missed out in other theories
68
The Structural Unit of Personality (Behaviourists)
Core Concept: For behaviourists, the basic unit is the response.
Detail: Every response (behavior) serves to satisfy specific biological or social needs.
Implication: Changes in behavior occur as individuals learn new responses in new environments.
69
define cultural approach
Key Idea: Personality is shaped by the ecological and cultural context in which a person lives.
Explanation: It considers how economic, climatic, and cultural factors influence the development of personality traits
70
Influential Environmental Factors in cultural approach
Ecological Factors: Climate, terrain, and availability of food directly affect economic activities and settlement patterns.
Cultural Factors: Rituals, ceremonies, child-rearing practices, social structures, and recreational activities influence personality development.
71
72
how does the economics system of q culture shape personality?
Concept: A group's economic activities (like hunting-gathering or agriculture) form the basis of cultural and behavioral variations.
Example: The nature of economic activities shapes not only daily survival strategies but also values, skills, and social roles.
73
explain how culture impacts personality using example
The Birhor Society
Context: The Birhor, a tribal group from Jharkhand, live nomadically in forests and mountainous regions.
Impact on Personality:
Child Socialisation: Children are given freedom to roam and learn hunting and gathering skills.
Traits Developed: Independence, autonomy, and achievement-orientation due to the need to navigate challenging environments.
74
how are tribes different from argricultural society?
Hunting–Gathering Societies:
Emphasize independence, autonomy, and risk-taking.
Agricultural Societies:
Stress obedience, nurturance, and responsibility, which are more adaptive for structured, settled life.
75
why was humanistic approach developed?
was developed as a response to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, which focused too much on unconscious conflicts.
76
77
humanistic approach focuses on
The Humanistic Approach focuses on personal growth, free will, and self-actualization.
78
Carl Rogers' Theory of Personality
✅ Key Idea: Humans have an inborn drive to reach their fullest potential (self-actualization).
79
what are the two basic assumptions in carl roger's personality theory?
1. Behavior is goal-directed and worthwhile.
2. People are innately good and will choose positive, self-actualizing behavior.
80
Self-Concept (Carl Rogers) says
✅ Self-concept = How we perceive ourselves.
✅ It includes:
Real Self (Who we actually are)
Ideal Self (Who we want to be)
If Real Self = Ideal Self → ✅ Happiness & fulfillment
If Real Self ≠ Ideal Self → ❌ Anxiety & dissatisfaction
**Goal:** Reduce this gap through self-growth.
81
Conditions for a Healthy Self-Concept (Rogers)
✅ Unconditional Positive Regard: People need acceptance, love, and support without conditions.
✅ Positive Self-Evaluation: High self-esteem helps people stay flexible, open to experiences, and grow continuously.
82
what did maslow believe about self actualisation?
✅ Maslow believed in a step-by-step approach to reaching one’s full potential - self actualisation. possible only by analysing the motivations that govern our life.
(their Hierarchy of Needs)
83
when is a human reduced to animal acc to Maslow?
when their sole concern is with satisfaction of biological and belongingness needs (survival needs) as they are commonly found among animals.
84
when does real journey of self actualisation begin?
when the journey of human life begins with pursuit of self esteem and self actualisation needs.
85
who is a healthy person?
a person who is on quest to know one deeply and true to ones feelings
1. become aware of their feelings, limits and accept themselves
2. they make their lives as their own responsibility, have 'the courage to be'
3. experience here and now, not trapped
4. do not live in last or dwell on the future through anxious expectations or distorted fences
86
what is assesment of personality
formal effort aimed at understanding the personality of an individual
87
assesment refers to evaluation or differentiation of people on basis of ___ ___
certain characteristics
88
self report measures example
1. Allport (suggested)
2. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Hathaway + McKinley) + Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Mallick Joshi)
3. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
4. 16PF
89
TF
MMPI-2 is available
TRUE
90
McKinley developed his test for
psychiatric diagnosis, is found effective in psychopathology
91
MMPI has ___ statements
567
92
MMPI has ___ form of statements and __ subsections
True/False, 10
93
MMPI seeks to diagnose
hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, masculinity -femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, mania and social introversion.
94
according to eysenck, a person high on psychoticism is
lack of feelings for others, tough manner of interaction with others, defies social conventions, hostile, egocentric, antisocial.
95
limitations to self report
social desirability
acquiescence
96
protective techniques are knows as ___
indirect techniques
97
features of projectile techniques
1. stimuli are relatively or fully unstructured/undefined
2. respondent not told about the purpose of assessment, method of scoring and interpretation
3. person informed that no wrong or right answer
4. each response tells a significant part of personality
4. interpretation is lengthy and subjective
4. rigorous training is needed.
98
types of projectile techniques
1. rorschach inkblot test
2. thematic apperception test ( Morgan and Murray) + Uma Chaudhary's indian adaptation
3. rosenzweig's picture frustration study
4. sentence completion test
5. draw-a-person test
99
100
types of behavioural tests
1. interview
2. observation
3. behavioural rating
4. nomination
4. situational tests
101
