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Psycho 😭😭😭 12 > intell > Flashcards

intell Flashcards

1
Q

What can you understand after reading this chapter?

A

Psychological attributes on which people differ, methods to assess these attributes, intelligent behaviour, assessment of intelligence, cultural meanings of intelligence, difference between intelligence and aptitude

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2
Q

What are individual differences in human functioning?

A

Distinctiveness and variations among people’s characteristics and behaviour patterns

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3
Q

What is situationism in psychology?

A

The view that situational factors influence behaviour more than personal traits

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4
Q

What is the definition of psychological assessment?

A

Measurement of psychological attributes of individuals and their evaluation using scientific procedures

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5
Q

What are the two types of psychological assessment?

A
  • Formal assessment
  • Informal assessment
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6
Q

What is intelligence?

A

The global capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

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7
Q

What does aptitude refer to?

A

An individual’s underlying potential for acquiring skills

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8
Q

What is personality?

A

Relatively enduring characteristics that make a person distinct from others

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9
Q

What does the term ‘values’ refer to in psychological assessment?

A

Enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behaviour

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10
Q

What are the common methods used for psychological assessment?

A
  • Psychological tests
  • Interviews
  • Case studies
  • Observation
  • Self-reports
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11
Q

True or False: Intelligence is defined the same way in common sense as in psychology.

A

False

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12
Q

Who was one of the first psychologists to work on intelligence?

A

Alfred Binet

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13
Q

What is the g-factor according to Charles Spearman’s theory?

A

A general factor that includes mental operations common to all performances

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14
Q

What are the seven primary abilities proposed by Louis Thurstone?

A
  • Verbal Comprehension
  • Numerical Abilities
  • Spatial Relations
  • Perceptual Speed
  • Word Fluency
  • Memory
  • Inductive Reasoning
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15
Q

What does Arthur Jensen’s hierarchical model of intelligence consist of?

A
  • Level I: Associative learning
  • Level II: Cognitive competence
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16
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is the assessment of an individual’s unique characteristics.

A

Personality assessment

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17
Q

What does the assessment of interests help determine?

A

What subjects or courses an individual can pursue comfortably and with pleasure

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18
Q

What is the definition of emotional intelligence?

A

The ability to understand and manage one’s own emotions and the emotions of others

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19
Q

True or False: Intelligence tests are only used for academic purposes.

A

False

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20
Q

What can intelligence tests predict?

A

A person’s general cognitive competence and ability to profit from schooling

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21
Q

What is the purpose of psychological assessment?

A

To evaluate abilities, behaviours, and personal qualities of individuals

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22
Q

What are the seven abilities included in the definition of intelligence?

A

The seven abilities are:
* Using words fluently and flexibly
* Memory (accuracy in recalling information)
* Inductive Reasoning (deriving general rules from presented facts)
* Associative learning
* Cognitive competence
* Higher-order skills
* Effective output transformation

These abilities are part of various theories of intelligence.

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23
Q

What are the two levels in Arthur Jensen’s hierarchical model of intelligence?

A

Level I and Level II

Level I involves associative learning, while Level II involves cognitive competence.

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24
Q

What are the three dimensions proposed by J.P. Guilford in his structure-of-intellect model?

A

The three dimensions are:
* Operations
* Contents
* Products

Operations include cognition, memory recording, and evaluation.

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25
What are the six types of operations in Guilford's model?
The six types of operations are: * Cognition * Memory recording * Memory retention * Divergent production * Convergent production * Evaluation ## Footnote These operations describe what the respondent does.
26
What does the term 'multiple intelligences' refer to in Howard Gardner's theory?
Distinct types of intelligences that are independent of each other ## Footnote Each intelligence can interact and work together for problem-solving.
27
Name the eight types of intelligence described by Howard Gardner.
The eight types are: * Linguistic * Logical-Mathematical * Spatial * Musical * Bodily-Kinaesthetic * Interpersonal * Intrapersonal * Naturalistic ## Footnote Each type represents a different way of processing information.
28
What is the definition of Componential Intelligence in Sternberg's triarchic theory?
Componential or analytical intelligence is the analysis of information to solve problems ## Footnote It involves thinking analytically and critically.
29
What are the three components of Componential Intelligence?
The three components are: * Knowledge acquisition component * Meta or higher order component * Performance component ## Footnote Each component serves a different function in problem-solving.
30
What does Contextual Intelligence refer to?
The ability to deal with environmental demands encountered on a daily basis ## Footnote It is also known as 'street smartness' or 'business sense'.
31
What are the three neurological systems in the PASS model of intelligence?
The three neurological systems are: * Arousal/Attention * Simultaneous Processing * Successive Processing ## Footnote These systems are interdependent and contribute to intellectual activity.
32
What does the arousal/attention component facilitate in the PASS model?
It facilitates attending to stimuli and processing information ## Footnote Optimal arousal helps focus attention on relevant aspects of a problem.
33
What is the difference between simultaneous processing and successive processing?
Simultaneous processing integrates information into a meaningful pattern, while successive processing recalls information serially ## Footnote Simultaneous processing is used in tasks like Raven’s Progressive Matrices.
34
What does the term 'intelligence' imply in the context of heredity and environment?
Intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) ## Footnote Studies show that both genetic and environmental factors influence intelligence.
35
What is the formula for calculating IQ?
IQ = (MA / CA) * 100 ## Footnote MA is mental age and CA is chronological age.
36
What is a mental age of 5 indicative of?
It means that a child's performance on an intelligence test equals the average performance level of a group of 5-year-olds ## Footnote Mental age is a measure of intellectual development relative to age peers.
37
What classification of IQ indicates 'intellectually disabled'?
An IQ below 70 ## Footnote This classification is used to identify individuals with significant cognitive limitations.
38
What percentage of the population has an IQ above 130?
2.2% ## Footnote Individuals in this category are considered intellectually gifted.
39
Fill in the blank: The average IQ in the population is _______.
100 ## Footnote This score is used as a baseline for interpreting IQ results.
40
What percentage of the population has an IQ above 130?
About 2 percent. ## Footnote This group is referred to as intellectually gifted.
41
What percentage of the population has an IQ below 70?
About 2 percent. ## Footnote This group is referred to as intellectually disabled.
42
What are the three basic features of intellectual disability as defined by the American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD)?
* Significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning * Deficits in adaptive behaviour * Manifestation during the developmental period (0-18 years) ## Footnote Intellectual disability requires a combination of these three features.
43
What is the range of IQ for mild intellectual disability?
IQs 55 to approximately 70. ## Footnote Individuals with mild disability can function quite independently.
44
What is the range of IQ for moderate intellectual disability?
IQs 35–40 to approximately 50–55. ## Footnote Those with moderate disability require moderate supervision.
45
What is the range of IQ for severe intellectual disability?
IQs 20–25 to approximately 35–40. ## Footnote Individuals with severe disability need constant care.
46
What is the range of IQ for profound intellectual disability?
IQs below 20–25. ## Footnote Individuals with profound disability cannot manage life independently.
47
What is the definition of giftedness?
Exceptional general ability shown in superior performance across various areas. ## Footnote Giftedness is broader than talent, which refers to remarkable ability in a specific field.
48
What are some characteristics of gifted children?
* Advanced logical thinking * High speed in processing information * Superior generalisation and discrimination ability * Advanced creative thinking * High intrinsic motivation * Independent thinking * Preference for solitary academic activities ## Footnote Gifted children may not always excel in academics but show potential in various areas.
49
What are the two main types of intelligence tests based on administration?
* Individual tests * Group tests ## Footnote Individual tests are administered to one person at a time, while group tests can be given to multiple individuals simultaneously.
50
What distinguishes verbal tests from non-verbal tests?
Verbal tests require verbal responses, while non-verbal tests use pictures or illustrations. ## Footnote Non-verbal tests, like Raven’s Progressive Matrices, are useful for individuals from different cultures.
51
What is a culture-fair intelligence test?
A test designed to minimize cultural bias and assess individuals from different cultural backgrounds equally. ## Footnote These tests assess experiences common to all cultures.
52
What are some misuses of intelligence tests?
* Stigma from poor performance * Discriminatory practices * Underestimating IQ of disadvantaged children * Failing to capture creative potential ## Footnote Intelligence tests should be used carefully by trained professionals.
53
What does the term 'buddhi' represent in the Indian tradition?
A holistic view of intelligence encompassing cognitive, emotional, and social competencies. ## Footnote Buddhi includes mental effort, feelings, and self-knowledge.
54
What is emotional intelligence?
A set of skills related to the appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotions. ## Footnote Emotional intelligence is often measured by the Emotional Quotient (EQ).
55
Who first introduced the concept of emotional intelligence?
Salovey and Mayer. ## Footnote They defined it as the ability to monitor emotions and use that information to guide thinking and actions.
56
What are the competencies identified as facets of intelligence in the Indian tradition?
* Cognitive capacity * Social competence * Emotional competence * Entrepreneurial competence ## Footnote These competencies reflect a broader understanding of intelligence beyond cognitive skills.
57
What is the main focus of emotional intelligence in education?
To help students deal with stresses and challenges of the outside world. ## Footnote Programs to improve emotional intelligence can benefit students' overall well-being.
58
What does Emotional Quotient (EQ) express?
Emotional intelligence ## Footnote EQ is used similarly to IQ, reflecting one's emotional intelligence.
59
Define emotional intelligence.
Ability to process emotional information accurately and efficiently.
60
What are the benefits of programmes aimed at improving students' emotional intelligence?
* Improve academic achievement * Encourage cooperative behaviour * Reduce antisocial activities
61
What is aptitude?
Special abilities in a particular field of activity.
62
How is aptitude assessed?
With the help of selected tests.
63
What is the difference between aptitude and interest?
Interest is a preference for an activity; aptitude is the potential to perform that activity.
64
List the forms of aptitude tests.
* Independent (specialised) aptitude tests * Multiple (generalised) aptitude tests
65
What are Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT)?
A commonly used battery of tests in educational settings consisting of 8 independent subtests.
66
Name the 8 independent subtests of DAT.
* Verbal Reasoning * Numerical Reasoning * Abstract Reasoning * Clerical Speed and Accuracy * Mechanical Reasoning * Space Relations * Spelling * Language Usage
67
How is creativity defined?
Ability to produce ideas, objects, or problem solutions that are novel, appropriate, and useful.
68
What are some common manifestations of creativity?
* Novel solutions to problems * Inventions * Compositions (poems, music) * Innovations in various fields
69
What factors influence the potential for creativity?
* Heredity * Environmental factors (motivation, support, opportunities)
70
How does intelligence relate to creativity?
A certain level of intelligence is required for creativity, but high intelligence does not guarantee creativity.
71
What is the primary focus of creativity tests?
Assess variations in potential for creativity, allowing open-ended responses.
72
What is the difference between convergent and divergent thinking?
* Convergent thinking: Focuses on finding the correct solution * Divergent thinking: Involves generating multiple ideas and solutions
73
Who developed the concept of multiple intelligences?
Howard Gardner.
74
What are the psychometric approaches to intelligence?
Studying intelligence as a constellation of abilities expressed in quantitative terms like IQ.
75
What is the role of culture in intellectual development?
Culture provides context, influencing what is valued as intelligence.
76
What is the definition of intelligence?
Capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively.
77
What does the term 'individual differences' refer to?
Distinctiveness and variations in people’s characteristics and behaviour patterns.
78
What are some methods psychologists use to assess psychological attributes?
* Psychological tests * Interviews * Case studies * Observations * Self-reports
79
True or False: Individuals with high IQ are necessarily creative.
False.
80
Fill in the blank: Creativity tests assess the ability to produce _____ ideas.
[variety of]
81
What psychological constructs can be introduced to initiate a discussion?
Intelligence, personality, aptitude, values ## Footnote These constructs highlight the complexity of psychological explanations.
82
How can teachers draw from students' experiences in a psychology class?
By discussing different psychological attributes ## Footnote This approach helps make the concepts more relatable.
83
What should teachers provide to generate interest in psychological tests?
Sample items of various tests ## Footnote Collecting these items can engage students and stimulate discussion.
84
What activities should students be encouraged to complete?
Activities designed individually or in groups ## Footnote This promotes collaboration and deeper understanding.
85
What should be initiated in class after students complete activities?
Discussion on observations made by students ## Footnote This encourages critical thinking and sharing of insights.
86
How can students relate psychological concepts to their learning?
By relating the concepts to their real-life experiences ## Footnote This connection enhances retention and understanding.

Psycho 😭😭😭 12 (3 decks)

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