Self Flashcards
1
Q
• It’s who I am.
• It’s me, my essence.
• It’s what makes me unique and different from everyone else
A
Self
2
Q
- sought to describe self as the essential qualities that compose a person’s uniqueness.
A
Philosophers
3
Q
- self as a product of social interactions, developed overtime through social activities and experiences
A
• Sociology
4
Q
- self as a a culturally shaped construct or idea. it is an autonomous participant in the society as it is submerged in society.
A
• Anthropology
5
Q
- self as having characteristics or properties that can be used against it
- self is related to its physical and social environment
A
• Psychology
6
Q
- a British philosopher; talked about western and eastern myth
A
Alan Watts
7
Q
- world is an artifact
- the self possess an internal distinction from external environment
A
⚬ western myth
8
Q
- world is a drama
A
⚬ eastern myth
9
Q
? - means loving
? - means wisdom
? - means loving wisdom
A
philo
sophia
philosophy
10
Q
the term ______ as originally used by the greeks
meant ”the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake”
A
philosophy
11
Q
“I know that I don’t know”
A
socrates
12
Q
“Balance between the mind and body”
A
plato
13
Q
“All knowledge leads to God”
A
st. augustine
14
Q
“I think, therefore I am”
A
RENE DESCARTES
15
Q
“human mind at birth is a tabula rasa”
knowledge is derived from experience
A
john locke
16
Q
“all knowledge is derived from senses”
A
david hume
17
Q
“all knowledge is begins with senses then understanding then reason. reason is the final authority of morality”
A
immanuel kant
18
Q
“Wish fulfilment is the road to unconscious”
A
sigmund freud
19
Q
“I act therefore, I am”
A
GILBERT RYLE
20
Q
“the physical brain and not the imaginary mind gives us our sense of self”
A
paul churchland
21
Q
“the physical body is an important part of self”
A
maurice merleau-ponty
22
Q
• the unexamined life is not worth living
• only by knowing yourself can you hope to improve
yourself
• soul first before man’s body
A
Socrates
23
Q
- where an idea was tested by asking a series of question to determine underlying beliefs and the extent of knowledge to guide the person toward better understanding.
A
Socratic Method
24
Q
some of his idea are:
⚬ the soul is immortal
⚬ the care of the soul is the task of philosophy
⚬ virtue is necessary to attain happiness
A
Socrates’
25
his philosophical method is “collection and division”
Plato
26
- ideal world/ world of forms (the permanent, unchanging reality) and the material world(keeps on changing)
theory of forms
27
•the physical world is not really the real world because the ultimate reality exists beyond the physical world
• the changing body/ material self is only a replica of our true self
• we continue to exist even in the absence of our bodies because we are souls only
• the “soul” is the most divine aspect of human being.
Plato
28
three parts of soul acc to plato:
1. (sensual)- enjoys sensual experiences
2. (reasoning)- forbids sensual, loves truth
3. (feeling)- inclined towards reason but understand
the demands of passion; loves honor and victory
1. Appetitive
2. Rational
3. Spirited
29
• adopted plato’s view that the self is an immaterial (but
rational) soul
• forms were concepts existing within the perfect and eternal God where the soul belonged
• soul held the truth, capable of critical thinking
• “self” was an inner, immaterial “I” that had self knowledge and self awareness
• Human being is both soul and body, and the body
possessed senses (imagination, memory, reason and mind) through which the soul experienced the world
St. Augustine
30
the aspects of self according to him are:
1. it is able to be aware of itself
2. It recognizes itself as a holistic one
3. It is aware of its unity
St. Augustine
31
• father of western philosophy
• first to emphasize the use of reason to describe, predict, and understand the natural phenomena based on observational and empirical evidence
• proposed doubt as a principal tool of disciplined inquiry
Rene descartes
32
- sometimes called methodological skepticism. It is a systemic process of being skeptical about the truth of one’s beliefs in order to determine which beliefs could be ascertained as true
hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt
33
- reason rathe than experience is the foundation of all knowledge
rationalism
34
His claims about self:
1. it is constant; not prone to change and it is not affected by time
2. only the immaterial soul remains the same throughout time
3. the immaterial soul is the source of identity
Rene descartes
35
• father of classical liberalism because of his contribution to the formation of human rights
• if descartes self= thinking thing, then ______ included
memories into that thinking thing, to define self
• the self is identified with consciousness and this self consist of sameness with consciousness
• self consist of memory; that the person existing now is the same person yesterday because he remembers
John locke
36
- a person can only be held accountable for behaviors he/ she remembers
theory of personal accountability
37
• fierce opponent of Descartes rationalism
• historian during the age of enlightenment
• one of the three main figureheads of influential British empiricism movement-Hume, John Locke, and Bishop George Berkeley
• self is merely made up of successive impression
David hume
38
• fierce opponent of Descartes rationalism
• historian during the age of enlightenment
• one of the three main figureheads of influential British empiricism movement-Hume, John Locke, and Bishop George Berkeley
• self is merely made up of successive impression
David hume
39
- idea that origin of all knowledge is sense experience
empiricism
40
- self as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions that are moving in a very fast and successive manner; therefore, it is in a “perpetual flux”
• bundle theory
41
• there is no permanent and unchanging self, “I” will be constantly changing because the different experience one has for every constant change will affect and reshape that person...
• the self could just be like alight bulb that may be switched on/ off
• there is no self!
• “self” is a passive observer similar to watching one’s life pass before the eyes like a play or on a screen; whereby the total annihilation of self comes at death
David hume
42
• human mind creates the surface/ structure of human experience
• views “self” as transcendental, that the self is related to a spiritual or non physical realm
• “self” is not in the body but the body and it’s qualities are rooted to the “self”
• knowledge is the one that bridges “self” and the material things together
• two kinds of consciousness of oneself(rationalty)
Immanuel kant
43
- is the mental process by which a person makes sense of ideas by assimilating it to the body of ideas he already possessed
apperception
44
two components of self
1. ? - “self” which you are aware of alterations in your own state. These are your rational intellect and your psychological state such as moods, feelings, pleasure, pain and sensation
2. ? - common boundary between inner self and outside world. It gathers information from outside world thru senses.
inner self
outer self
45
• most important contribution is psychoanalysis-practice devised to treat those who are mentally ill through dialogue
• philosophers before him regarded humans as having an essence to which the self is ascribed. He did not accept the existence of any single entity that could be put forward as the notion to self.
• his work on psychology is groundbreaking because it answered the question about psyche.
Sigmund freud
46
- the totality of the human mind, both conscious and unconscious
psyche
47
- personality theory is based on the notion that an individual gets motivated by unseen forces, controlled by the conscioud and rational thoughts
psychoanalytic theory
48
Freud further structures the mind into three parts:
1. ? - pleasure principle. Every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequence. If id achieves demand= pleasure, if denied= tension
ID
49
2. ? - reality principle. It works out realistic ways to satisfy ID’s demands. It considers social realities, etiquettes, norms and rules. if ego fails=anxiety. Unconscious defense mechanism are employed
EGO
50
3. ? - incorporates the values and morals of society. strives for perfection. There are two system:
a. conscience- if the ego gives in to id’s demand, this would lead to feelings of guilt.
b. ideal self- an imaginary picture of how you ought to be. It represents career aspirations, how to treat people, how to behave as a member of society
SUPEREGO
51
• wrote the concept of the mind, which he rejected the notion that
mental states are separable from physical states
• called the distinction between mind and matter a
“category-mistake” because of is attempt to analyze the relation
between mind and body as if he two were terms of the same
categories.
Gilbert ryle
52
• described this distinction between mind and body as “dogma of the ghost in the machine” where he explained there is no hidden identity or ghost called soul inside a machine called body
• then where do we get the sense of self? from behaviors and
actions
ex. you think of yourself as kind person because of your acts of kindness.
• your actions define your own concept of self
Gilbert ryle
53
• known for neurophilosophy. his philosophy stands on materialistic view
• nothing but matter exist
• if something can be experienced by the senses, then it exists.
• “self’ originated from brain itself and is a product of electrochemical signals produced by the brains.
Paul churchland
54
- peoples common sense of understanding of the mind (folk psychology) is false, and that certain classes of mental states which most people believe in do not exist.
• eliminative materialism
55
• body as the primary site of knowing the world
• self is an embodied subjectivity- an entity possesses conscious experience. (embodied= to give body to, subjectivity= state of being a subject)
• self is something that exist, can take action, and can cause an effect(object)
• thru lived experience body is informed
• body acts what the mind perceives as a unified one
maurice merleau-ponty
