Selective Social Learning: Who to Trust? Flashcards
what does autonomous learning mean, according to piaget?
independent learning
what was piaget’s perspective on children’s learning?
- focus on autonomous learning
- child as an autodidact
- children learn primarily from own exploration & active interpretation of data they gather
- learning from verbal input likely to be superficial
piaget thought children’s learning from what is likely to be superficial?
learning from verbal input
describe Vygotsky’s view of children’s learning?
- children = curious explorers
- important discoveries occur in context of collaborative dialogues between child & more knowledgeable members of society
- scaffolding
according to Vygotsky’s social constructivism, what does scaffolding refer to?
adults offer carefully tailored support by modelling activities & providing verbal instructions
what did Paul Harris say in 2012 regarding the role of testimony for acquiring knowledge?
isn’t there a limit to role that first hand experience can play in cognitive development
what does testimony refer to?
information communicated by others via assertions (in contrast to info we gain by sense experience)
when is testimony particularly important for children’s learning from others?
learning the basics
what is informal learning from others?
everyday dialogue with adults, siblings, peers, asking questions, imitation, overhearing
what is epistemic vigilance needed to achieve?
social learning
what is the definition of epistemic vigilance? (Sperber et al., 2010)
to evaluate the credibility of the info source and the plausibility of claims and calibrate trust in testimony accordingly
what are the 2 key dimensions when evaluating sources?
- competence (knowledge) of someone
- benevolence (good intentions vs bad intentions)
the philosophical background of credulity in children overall says what?
children are gullible
what is early scepticism?
rejecting blatantly false claims
what is social referencing?
the act of looking towards your caregiver to figure out how to respond
when do babies first show social referencing?
from 12 months, babies look to emotional reaction of caregiver to figure out how to act in an ambiguous situation (Sorce et al., 1985)
describe results of Tamis-Lemonda et al (2008) study into social referencing using risky slopes: perceptual or social information?
- 18 months ignored mum’s advice & relied on perceptual information
- only relied on mum’s advice when they could not assess risk (ambiguous slopes)
describe results of the study investigating the bias to believe? (Jamaal & Markman, 2007)
2 & 3 yr olds accept labels conflicting with perceptions
- 4 yrs more likely to accept if given additional info suggesting its an unfamiliar subtype of that category (this is a morrocon bird) (Jaswal, 2004)
- 6 & 8yrs more likely to accept conflicting labels when stimuli ambiguous (Chan & Tardiff, 2013)
give a criticism of the study investigating the bias to believe? (Jamaal & Markman, 2007)
compliance vs actual belief? how do you know children truly believe the implausible information & not just going along with it
describe results of Jaswal et al’s (2010) study into whether children take into account an informant’s past reliability?
1st trial = no one found the sticker
continued to trust her on almost every trial
by 8th trial: only 4/16 children got sticker
what may be implicated in the struggle of children to require awareness that others may deceive?
theory of mind: but mixed evidence
are children of 3 years sensitive to relative frequency of errors speaker make? (Pasquini et al., 2007)
no - children only differentiate between speakers when one person 100% right
from 4 years, what type of informants do children show greater trust in information from?
on basis of their:
- age
- familiarity
- accent
- gender
relinquish that trust when past accuracy conflicts with these cues
