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PS2021 > selective attention > Flashcards

selective attention Flashcards

1
Q

overview

A
  • Definitions of attention
  • The early/late selection debate
  • Auditory research
  • Visual research
  • Perceptual load
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2
Q

Definition 1890

A

William James - “everyone knows what attention is”

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3
Q

William James extended

A

“Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession of
the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several
simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.”

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4
Q

William James - “everyone knows what attention is” Date

A

1890

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5
Q

Definiton 1998

A

“no one knows what attention is” Harold Pashler

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6
Q

“no one knows what attention is” Harold Pashler Date

A

1998

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7
Q

Extended quote Harold Pashler

A

“No one knows what attention is, and … there may not even
be an “it” there to be known about (although of course
there might be).”

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8
Q

Cherry 1953

A

Dichotic listening and told to shadow the message in one ear and ignore the message in the other ear. This was to investigate SELECTIVE ATTENTION

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9
Q

Dichotic listening

A

Dichotic listening refers to the process of simultaneously listening to different acoustic events presented to each ear, often involving speech stimuli.

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10
Q

Cherry then asked…

A

how much they attended to in the unattended information, they didnt realise if the lagnuage is reversed or changes. However they could report the gender and identify if it was speech or not.

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11
Q

Cherry conclusions 1953

A

People only process unattended information only to the level of physical features.

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12
Q

Cherry conclusions 1953

A

No semantic information is available from the unattended information
These findings kickstarted the early selection process.

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13
Q

early selection process who?

A

Broadbent 1958

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14
Q

early selection process what?

A

filtering occurs early (prior to semantics). filtering out any message not having appropriate physical characteristics

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15
Q

early selection process process

A

Senses > sensory buffer > selective filter > limited capacity processor

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16
Q

two alternative forced choice procedure who

A

Moray (1959)

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17
Q

two alternative forced choice procedure what?

A

Wanted to ask Even a word repeated 35 times was not recognised unless in a third of cases it was participants own name

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18
Q

Split span experiment who

A

Gray and Wedderburn 1960

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19
Q

Split Span experiment what

A

a term for research involving bipanoramic sounds in both ears with different terms, told to focus on one ear and their name was played in the other with other terms

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20
Q

split span experiments findings

A

40% reported by ear
60% reported by meaning

seems unattended message processed for content (in 60% of ppl)

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21
Q

Late selection models who

A

Deutsch and Deutsch (1963)

22
Q

Late seletion models what

A

All inputs are encoded and analysed in parralel to semantic level
filtering only occurs are conscious awareness level

23
Q

Late selection process

A

senses > unconscious semantic processing> selective filter > conscious attention

24
Q

Corteen and Dunn 1974 what - training

A

training - cities were paired with electric shock, subjects began sweating when they heard city names. measured using GSR

25
Q

galvanic skin responding

A

Galvanic skin response (GSR), also known as electrodermal activity (EDA) or skin conductance, is a physiological signal that measures the skin’s electrical properties in response to stress or emotional arousa

26
Q

Corteen and Dunn 1974 test –

A

once trained shadow one ear and ignore the other, press a button if you hear the city name in either ear since they are conditioned

27
Q

Corteen 1974 measures

A

GSR and button presses

28
Q

Corteen findings

A

42% of city names in unattended ear elicit a GSR (30% for non shock associated city names)

29
Q

Corteen findings (2)

A

Only 2% of these trials did a participant make a button press response

30
Q

Corteen findings (3)

A

DIfferent measures of awareness of unattended stimuli give different results

31
Q

Attenuator model WHat?

A

unattended information is attenuated. all inputs are analysed for meaning

32
Q

Attenuator model who?

A

Treisman 1964

33
Q

Attenuator model process

A

senses > attenuating filter > dictionary analysis filter

34
Q

Dictionary analysis

A

acts as the final filter in attenuator model - different words have different trigger thresholds, your name would be a low threshold

35
Q

Neisser and Becklen

A

Videos superimposed with a lot going on at once. Monitoring one video for targets leaves people unaware of events in the unmonitored video, people incredulous when told

36
Q

Simons and Chabris 1999

A

youll recognise this one, video where there is a game of catch and a gorilla literally just walks through. funniest shit ever. 50% of people failed to notice the gorilla when attended to team in white. More likely to notice with earier task like watching team in white

37
Q

Dalton and Fraenkel 2012 what

A

three dimensional auditory scene, binaural recording
focusing on womens conversation and ignore the mens, men walked past saying im a gorilla, im a gorilla

38
Q

Dalton and Fraenkel 2012 findings

A

70% of people fail to notice the gorilla when attending to women and 90% notice when attending to mens conversation. All but one noticed him in the attention control

39
Q

problems with video tasks?

A

eye movements related to attended events, might reduce acuity for unattended events.

40
Q

rock and gutman 1981

A

attend to shapes in one colour and rate their pleasant/unpleasantness
people unable to recognise shapes in unattended colour

41
Q

rock and Gutman 1981 findings

A

people were unable to recognise the unattended shape. regardless of is shape is pleasant or not.

42
Q

Negative priming who

A

Tipper 1985

43
Q

Negative priming what

A

single stimulus two images overlapped, two different colours. attend to one. Pic of dog and foot. primed to look at dog and then told to say the probe (foot) as quick as you can.

44
Q

types of priming and their reactions

A

attended repetitions
attended semantics
neutral
ignored semantics
ignored repetition

45
Q

attended repetitions

A

615 ms, dog then repeat dog

46
Q

attended semantics

A

677, dog then cat, semantic similaities

47
Q

neutral

A

695 ms, unrelated item

48
Q

ignored semantics

A

726, dog then flip and cat is hollow and focus is unrelated

49
Q

ignored repetition

A

746, dog then flip and dog is hollowed and unrelated item show

50
Q

slippage of attention

A

essentially they lose attention and get distracted, processing unattended information and why there may be some participants who fail

51
Q
A

PS2021 (6 decks)

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