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ARE 5.0 - Project Planning and Design > Selecting Building Envelope Materials and Assemblies > Flashcards

Selecting Building Envelope Materials and Assemblies Flashcards

1
Q

2 of the most troublesome technical problems an architect must solve =

A
  1. Water leakage

2. Temperature transmission

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2
Q

What is damp proofing?

Where should it be used? Where should it not be used?

A

the control of moisture that is not under hydrostatic pressure
Should not be used on elements below the watertable (use waterproofing there)
Can be used on slabs and foundation walls below grade to protect from vapor diffusion

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3
Q

Where are Damproofing coatings are always applied?

A

to the positive side (wet side) of the element with a sprayer, brush, roller, or trowel

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4
Q

4 methods of damproofing?

A
  1. admixtures
  2. bituminous coatings
  3. cementitious coatings
  4. plastics
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5
Q

How are admixtures used to damp proof?

A

Admixtures = add to concrete to make it water repellent

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6
Q

What are bituminous coatings? Where should they be applied for damp proofing?

A

Bituminous coatings = asphalt or coal-tar pitch materials brushed or sprayed on to exterior side of foundation wall

Should be applied to smooth surfaces because they will not seal cracks that develop after they are applied

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7
Q

What are cementitious coatings? How is it used for damp proofing? How do you counter shrinkage and make a tighter sealer? Where should it be used?

A

Cementitious coatings = portland cement mortar troweled over a rough surface to smooth it out

Can be used to provide a smooth surface for other damproofing materials or by itself

Often mixed with powdered iron = counters shrinkage of material and makes a tighter seal

Use on below grade walls

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8
Q

What are plastics used for damp proofing? Where are they used?

A

Plastics = silicone and polyurethane coatings are used for above-grade damproofing

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9
Q

Waterproofing =

Where can it be used?

A

= the control of water and moisture that is subject to hydrostatic pressure
Can be used below the water table

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10
Q

Waterproofing can be placed in one of three conditions:

A

Place in one of three conditions:

  1. Positive side (wet side) = most common. Applied to wet side after structure is in place.
  2. Negative side (dry side) = applied to dry side after structure is in place
  3. Blind side = apple before th element is in place, like against shored excavation against which concrete will be poured
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11
Q

5 types of waterproofing materials:

A
  1. Sheet membranes
  2. Fluid-applied systems
  3. Cementitious applied systems
  4. Bentonite systems
  5. Crystalline waterproofing
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12
Q

Sheet membranes =

  • how is it applied?
  • where should it be applied for most effective application?
  • how to protect from backfill?
A

Material for waterproofing made from built-up layers of bituminous saturated felts or single-ply membranes of synthetic materials.

  • May be loosely applied and attached to nailing strips
  • More effective application = adhered to foundation on positive side
  • Should protect from backfill and damage with a protection board placed over waterproofing prior to backfilling.
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13
Q

Fluid-applied systems =

A

Material for waterproofing made from modified asphalts, urethanes, and other synthetics applied in liquid form to the positive side. Provide a continuous, seamless membrane.

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14
Q

Cementitious systems =

A

Material for waterproofing made from mixture of portland cement, sand, and a waterproofing agent applied to the positive side. Can be applied to the negative side as a backup.

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15
Q

Bentonite systems =

A

Material for waterproofing made from panels of bentonite clay applied to positive side or blind side. Often combined with geotextile fabrics.

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16
Q

Crystalline waterproofing =

A

Material for waterproofing made from a mix of chemicals that expands to fill cracks and pores in concrete. Applied to positive or negative side or added to concrete as an admixture.

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17
Q

What are waterstops?

A

continuous extrusions of rubber of neoprene used to seal construction joints in concrete walls.

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18
Q

What is the water barrier?

What are its 6 components?

A

the first line of defense against water intrusion.

  1. Cladding
  2. Waterproof membranes within walls
  3. Roofing
  4. Below-grade waterproofing
  5. Drips
  6. Flashing
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19
Q

What is the barrier concept?

A

A historic water barrier system that seals the building against water, but does not let any out. Can cause moisture problems

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20
Q

What is a rainscreen system?

A

A water barrier system that protects the exposed surface from the elements but provides an air space with a watertight membrane or air barrier inside the air space. The air space is vented to create equal pressure on both sides of the rain screen.

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21
Q

What is a vapor retarder?
What is it made of?
Where should it be placed?
What should its perm rating be?

A

membrane used to slow or prevent the transmission or diffusion of water vapor between spaces

  • Made of plastic sheeting, aluminum foil, self-adhering sheet membranes, or fluid-applied membranes
  • Should be placed on the warm side of insulation
  • Have a perm rating of less than 1
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22
Q

Vapor diffusion =

When does it start to cause problems?

A

the slow movement of water molecules through vapor-permeable materials

  • Warm air tends to migrate to cooler air
  • Causes problems when air reaches its dew point and condenses
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23
Q

IRC defines 3 classes of vapor retarders:

A

Class I = perm rating < 0.1 = impermeable
- Aluminum foil (perm rating - 0)
- Polyethylene (perm rating = 0.03)
Class II = perm rating 0.1 - 1 = semi-permeable
Class III = perm rating 1-10= permeable

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24
Q

What is the perm rating of 3 coats exterior oil paint

A

perm rating = 1.6-3.0

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25
Q

What is the perm rating of Gypsum wall board

A

perm rating = 50

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26
Q

Air barriers =

Where should it be applied?

A

prevent infiltration, entry of pollutants, and migration of moisture.
Should be applied on the warm side of insulation, depending on the climate zone.

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27
Q

What are 2 basic types of rainscreen walls:

A
  1. Drained and back-ventilated = Exterior cladding does not prevent water from penetration due to pressure differentials between the exterior of the building and the air cavity.
  2. Rain screen is pressure-equalized = the air space is ventilated enough to equalize pressure on both sides of the cladding to reduce the amount of wind-driven water into the cavity and onto the drainage plane. The air barrier must be continuous.
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28
Q

If a wall assembly has rigid on the exterior side of the sheathing, then the drainage plane/air barrier can be placed in one of two locations:

A
  1. Between the rigid and the sheathing

2. On the exterior side of the rigid, exposed to the air spac

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29
Q

If a vapor barrier is used on the internal side of insulation, the air barrier must be…

A

permeable so water/moisture does not get stuck in the wall

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30
Q

K-value =
C-value =
how do you calculate the C-value?

A

conductivity = the number of BTUs that pass through 1sf of material 1in thick
To calculate the C-value (heat transference through a particular amount of material) =
(k-value)*(surface area) / (thickness of material)

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31
Q

LTTR = Long-term thermal resistance =

A

a rating method for foam insulation products

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32
Q

7 Types of Building Insulation

A
  1. loose fill
  2. batts
  3. board
  4. spray foam
  5. sprayed fiber
  6. Radiant barriers and Reflective insulation
  7. structural insulated panels (SIPs)
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33
Q

What is the primary environmental consideration for insulations?

A

For all insulations, their ability to slowly transfer heat is the primary environmental consideration. Long-term energy savings generally outweigh other environmental disadvantages.

34
Q

In terms of roofing, a square =

A

a unit for sizing, estimating, and ordering roof materials = 100 sf

35
Q

Min slope for shingle roofing or roofing tile

A

4:12

36
Q

Difference between shingle roofing and roofing tile

A

Roofing tile = clay, slate, or concrete.
Shingles = asphalt or fiberglass, or wood.
Both intended to shed water rather than watertight seal

37
Q

What is sheet metal roofing?
Min slope
How is it installed?
What must it include?

A

Sheet metal roofing = standing seam
Min slope = 3:12
Installed over asphalt roofing felt
Must include expansion joints

38
Q

extra

A

extra

39
Q

extra

A

extra

40
Q

extra

A

extra

41
Q

2 types of Preformed Roof and Wall Panels

A
  1. Corrugated or fluted metal
    - Come in standard sizes
  2. Two finished metal faces sandwiched with insulation between
    - Self-supporting and span intermediate supports
    - Made to order
    - Can also be used as wall panels
42
Q

Min slope of Membrane Roofing =

A

¼:12 (2%)

43
Q

3 types of membrane roofing

A
  1. Built-up bituminous roofing
  2. Single-ply roofing
  3. Elastic liquid roofing
44
Q

Built-up bituminous roofing =

A

A type of membrane roofing made from several layers of bituminous-saturated roofing felts cemented together with roofing cement. A final layer of bituminous coating and then a layer of gravel to protect from sunlight/weathering

45
Q

Inverted membrane roof =

A

A type of membrane roofing in which rigid, closed-cell insulation is placed on top of the built-up bituminous roofing, rather than under it. Protects membrane from expansion/contraction, drying, ultraviolet rays, foot traffic

46
Q

What is required at the parapet in a built-up bituminous roofing?

A

At parapets, needs a triangular cant strip to angle felts up toward flashing and provide positive drainage

47
Q

Single-ply roofing=

2 advantages?

A

single-membrane layer of various materials

  1. Fewer installation problems
  2. More resistant to building movement and weather damage
48
Q

What is Modified bitumens =

A

a single bitumen sheet placed over insulation and covered with gravel ballast
type of single-ply membrane roofing

49
Q

Two categories of single-ply roofing:

A
  1. Thermoset plastics = Harden after curing and cannot be remolded
  2. Thermoplastics = can be repeatedly softened/reheated and can be remolded
50
Q

What are 2 types of Thermoset plastics

A
  1. EPDM = ethylene propylene diene monomer = most common type of thermoset plastics
    - Only comes in black
    - Excellent resistance to weather, heat, fatigue
    - Seams must be sealed with adhesive
    - Can be installed loose with ballast or adhered/fastened
  2. CSPE = chlorosulfonated polyethylene = Hypalon
    - Highly resistant to weather
    - Only comes in white
    - Applied fully adhered
    - Superseded by TPO and PVC
51
Q

What are 2 types of Thermoplastics

A 
1. PVC = polyvinyl chloride 
Excellent resistance to weathering
Easy installation 
Relatively inexpensive 
Can be installed loose with ballast or adhered/fastened
Comes in white, tan or gray
  1. TPO = thermoplastic polyolefin
    Can be installed loose with ballast or adhered/fastened
    Variety of colors
    Lower installation cost than EPDM
52
Q

Elastic liquid roofing:

  • how is it applied?
  • where can it be used?
  • what types of roofs is it good for?
A

Applied in liquid form with a brush or spray
Can be used below-grade
Good for roofs with complex shapes

53
Q

Expansion joints in roofing systems =
required distance between them in masonry buildings? concrete buildings?
where else should they be located?

A

particularly important at roofs with extreme temperature changes and differential movements between building sections

Required every 100ft - 150 ft in masonry buildings
Required every 200 ft in concrete buildings
Should be located where building changes direction or where a lower portion abuts a taller portion

54
Q

Smoke vents =

4 locations they are required?

A

release automatically in case of a fire and allow smoke to escape

Are required in

  1. hazardous occupancies
  2. Business occupancies > 50,000 occupants
  3. Above elevator shafts
  4. Over stages
55
Q

Difference between caulking and sealants

A

Caulking = low-performance, used where little movement is expected
Sealants = classified as low-, medium-, and high-performance based on the amount of movement they can handle
- Low = +/- 5%
- Medium = +/- 12.5
- High = 25% or more

56
Q

How to determine sealant joint depth?

A

Joint depth = width, if width is ½” or less

Depth = ½ width, if width is greater than ½”

57
Q

Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS)

A

Barrier system in which a cementitious layer is adhered to insulation that is adhered to plywood. Modern EIFSs made with the rain screen principle are permitted by the IBC.

58
Q

3 categories of Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS):

A
  1. Polymer Basic (PB): made with expanded polystyrene
    More flexible of a system
  2. Polymer Modified (PM): made with extruded polystyrene
    - Needs more layer of the coating, so not as flexible as PB.
    - Requires control joints ever 10 ft - 12ft or 150 sf
    - More resistant to water and movement
  3. Mineral-based system (MB) = made with traditional portland-cement stucco
59
Q

Curtain wall =

A

an exterior wall system that is attached to the building’s structural framework and carries no loads other than its own weight and wind

60
Q

3 broad categories of curtain wall systems:

A
  1. Standard
  2. Custom
  3. Combination
61
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of each of the 3 curtain wall system categories?

A

Within each categories, there are 2 subtypes:

  1. Stick = each piece is installed individually
    - Vertical mullions are attached to the structure
    - Horizontal railings
    - Glazing and spandrel panels
  2. Unit = pre manufactured with glass and spandrel panels already installed and attached to the building in one piece
    Most common
    Can be installed from the inside without need for scaffolding
62
Q

How are vertical mullions attached in all types of curtain wall systems?

A

For all types, the vertical mullions are attached to the floors or beams at every floor with an anchor that allows movement in 3 directions.

63
Q

Metal windows = can be made of 3 types of metals:

A

Aluminum = most common

Steel = suited for high-strength, high-security situations

Bronze

64
Q

2 requirements of aluminum windows

A
  1. Needs proper flashing and fasteners to resist galvanic action
  2. Needs thermal breaks = nonmetallic elements in the frame that insulate and provide a continuous barrier between the inside and outside window frames that prevent conductive thermal energy loss.
65
Q

3 advantages of wood windows =
How are they delivered to site?
How is weather protection provided?

A

variety of sizes, good insulating properties, easy of install, appearance
Delivered to site in one piece
Exterior often covered in metal or vinyl for weather protection

66
Q

Skylights =
Glazing?
Curbs?
Condensation?

A

May be glazed with plastic or glass

  • If glass, must be laminated or wire glass
  • When tempered or annealed glass is used, it must be protected from above and below with a wire mesh in case it breaks

Must be installed with a built-up curb, especially if on a low-slope roof

May need own condensate gutter and weep holes in the frame if condensation is a problem

67
Q

Storefronts =

How are they different than curtain wall systems?

A

= extruded metal frame (typ aluminum) with glazed panels, doors, and other hardware designed to be installed as one coordinated system

Does not span floor-to-floor like a curtain wall system, but is instead is used in one-story applications

68
Q

Advantages of a storefront system =

A 
Advantages = 
Ease of construction 
Range of styles, colors, finishes 
Relatively low cost 
Single-source supplying
Lightweight, coordinated elements
69
Q

Annealed glass or float glass =

A

= basic, clear glass

70
Q

3 Types of glass that have increased strength:

A
  1. High-strengthened = 2x strength of annealed glass
  2. Tempered = 4x strength of annealed glass
    - Considered safety glass
  3. Laminated = 2 panes bonded together with an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral resin that keeps glass together even if it breaks
    - Considered safety glass
    - Provides very strong, bullet-proof glazing
71
Q

5 ypes of glass that resist solar heat gain/loss:

A
  1. Tinted glass = tint absorbs solar heat gain, reducing amount that goes into building
  2. Low-iron glass = exceptional clarity, optimal light transmission, and excellent color transmission
  3. Reflected glass = a reflected layer is placed on the inside of the exterior pane, reflecting solar heat gain back out to the exterior
    - Can be made with heat-strengthened, tempered, or laminated
  4. Insulated glass = 2-3 panes separated by air gaps
  5. Low-e glass = glass treated to emit visible light and shortwave radiation, but protect from longwave radiation
    - Can be used in insulated panes to keep heat inside
72
Q

3 types of Electrochromic glazing:

A
  1. Electrochromic = goes from transparent to tinted but never opaque, can be adjusted with the rheostat switch
  2. Suspended particle device glazing (SPD) = ranges from clear to partially darkened to totally opaque. Can be used with a rheostat.
  3. Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal film glazing = ranges from transparent to cloudy white.
73
Q

5 types of Fire-rated glazing:

A
  1. Clear ceramic = available up to 1-hr ratings
  2. Special, tempered fire-protective glass = up to 30 min rating because it cannot withstand the hose stream test
  3. 2 or 3 layers of tempered glass with a clear polymer gel between them = 30-min, 60-min, and 90-min ratings
  4. Glass block = not all blocks are rated, so must be specifically tested and approved by the AHJ
  5. Wire = 2 panes of glass with a wire mesh between. Glass can still shatter, so not considered safety glass. Used in 45-min rating or less.
74
Q

Glazing stops (window) =

A

in a window, removable railing that holds the glazing in plane but allows for easy repair

75
Q

Glazing tape (window) =

A

in a window, adheres glass to pane

76
Q

Bite (window) =

A

= depth that glass sits into window stop, important for expansion/contraction

77
Q

Face (window) =

A

= depth from exterior face of glass to inside face of stop, important for expansion/contraction

78
Q

Loose fill insulation

R-value/inch range?

A

produced as shreds, granules, or nodules
poured or blown into spaces
requires vapor retarder or vapor barrier

used in places where difficult to install other types of insulation (cell of CMU walls, plumbing chases, attics, retrofit applications)

R-values = 2.1 - 3.8

79
Q

Mineral wool insulation

r-value/inch?

A

generic term for two types of loose fill insulation product:

  1. rock wool = manufactured by melting basalt or other rocks at high-temperature furnace and spinning into long fibers
  2. slag wool = ire ore blast furnace slag melted at high temperature and spinned into long fibers and formed into batts, blankets, and loose-fill material. Use in similar conditions to fiberglass

r-value = 3.5

80
Q

Cellulose insulation

r-value/inch?

A

loose fill insulation used for attic insulation, as well as dry blow-in and wet spray applications

r-value = 3.2-3.8 per inch

ARE 5.0 - Project Planning and Design (8 decks)

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