Seizures - Thomas Flashcards
Glutamate is (excitatory OR inhibitory)?
Excitatory
GABA is (excitatory OR inhibitory)?
Inhibitory
Glutamate has 2 types of receptors: _______ and ________.
NMDA and AMPA
Which type of glutamate receptors (NMDA or AMPA) allows sodium and calcium in, and potassium out?
NMDA receptor
Which type of glutamate receptor (NMDA or AMPA) only allows sodium in, NOT calcium.
AMPA
Which type of glutamate receptor (NMDA or AMPA) has magnesium that must be displaced from the middle before it can be activated?
NMDA
Which type of glutamate receptor (NMDA or AMPA) must have a glycine bound for in order for the glutamate to be active?
NMDA
This drug works at the NMDA receptor by binding to and blocking the glycine site.
Felbamate
Why do seizures occur?
Increase in excitatory tone
Decrease in inhibitory tone
True or false: lamotrigine inhibits glutamate release at both the NMDA and AMPA receptors.
True
________ works at the AMPA receptor by binding to the glutamate site.
Topiramate
What kind of ion flows through the GABA channel once GABA binds?
Chloride
On the GABAa receptor, there is a GABA binding site, barbiturate binding site, and ______ binding site.
Benzodiazepines binding site
______ binds to the barbiturates site on the GABA receptor, which facilitates chloride conductance, so more chloride flows in, further hyperpolarizing the cell.
Phenobarbital
Diazepam binds to the _______ site on the GABA receptor.
Benzodiazepine
Taigabine works by _______.
Preventing reuptake of GABA
_________ prevents reuptake of GABA via GABA transporter GAT-1.
Tiagabine
How does vigabatrin work?
By inhibiting GABA-T so GABA can’t be broken down
__________ works by inhibiting GABA-T and SSD.
Valproate
_______ promotes presynaptic release of GABA.
Gabapentin
These 4 drugs work by prolonging the refractory period of voltage gated sodium channels.
Carbamazepine
Oxcarbamazepine
Phenytoin
Zonisamide
Drugs that work at t-type calcium channels are designed to treat absence seizures. The 2 that we should know are _____ and ______.
Ethosuximide and valproate
Which of the following accurately describes how phenobarbital exerts its anti-seizure effects?
A. It inhibits glutamate release
B. It binds to the AMPA receptor, inhibiting influx of sodium
C. It binds to the NMDA receptor, inhibiting influx of potassium
D. It binds to the barbiturate site of GABAa receptor, promoting chloride entry into the cell.
E. It binds to the benzodiazepine site of GABAa receptor, promoting chloride entry into the cell.
D. It binds to the barbiturate site of GABAa receptor, promoting chloride entry into the cell.
Which of the following mechanisms accurately describes how tiagabine exerts its anti-seizure activity?
A. It binds to the bento site of GABAa receptor, promoting chloride entry into the cell
B. It binds to the barbiturate site of the GABAa receptor promoting chloride entry into the cell
C. It inhibits GABA transaminase
D. It inhibits GABA reuptake into presynaptic cells
E. It inhibits succinct semialdehyde dehydrogenase
D. It inhibits GABA reuptake into presynaptic cells
