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Clinical Neuropsych > Seizures and Disease > Flashcards

Seizures and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is a seizure?

A
  • uncontrolled extra electrical activity in the brain causing a paroxym (sudden attack)
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2
Q

What percentage of the population will have at least 1 seizure?

A

2-4%

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3
Q

Causes of seizues

A
  • 70% are idiopathic (cause unknown)
  • genetic
  • hypoxia (lack of oxygen to brain)
  • infection
  • TBI
  • neoplasms
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4
Q

What are the two types of seizures?

A

Generalized and Partial

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5
Q

Generalized Seizure

A
  • electrical activity is generalized in deep cortical structures and spreads throughout the brain
  • approx 1/3 of seizures and seizure disorders feature generalized seizures
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6
Q

Partial Seizures

A
  • start in a cortical area and do not spread to others parts of the brain (localized)
  • account for 2/3 of seizures
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7
Q

Simple-Partial

A

NO alteration of conciousness

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8
Q

Complex-Partial

A
  • Alteration of Conciousness
  • usually either losing conciousness or losing responsiveness
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9
Q

What are seizures medically referred to as?

A

Ictus

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10
Q

What are some signs of a generalized seizure?

A
  • absence
  • myoclonic
  • clonic
  • tonic
  • atonic
  • tonic-clonic
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11
Q

Absence

A
  • 5-30 seconds of unresponsiveness
  • usually with complete secession of activity
  • loss of awareness
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12
Q

Myoclonic

A
  • small rapid muscle twitches/jerks
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13
Q

Clonic

A
  • multiple rapid muscle jerks
  • 2-3 times per second
  • all over body
  • for a longer person of time then myoclonic
  • LoC usually seen
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14
Q

Tonic VS Atonic

A
  • Tonic= rapid stiffening of the body
  • Atonic= complete loss of muscle tone
  • lead to falling down
  • inconsistent LoC
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15
Q

Tonic-Clonic

A
  • stiffening of body followed by clonic muscle jerks
  • associated with incontinence
  • followed by post-ictal sleep
  • “classic” seizure
  • bas prognosis ONLY if repetitive and longer thand 5 minutes
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16
Q

Symptoms of Simple-Partial Seizure

A
  • tactile hallucinations
  • olfactory hallucinations are common and very unpleasant usually
  • intense feelings
  • Dysphasia or schizophasia
  • sweating, hyperventialtion
17
Q

Symptoms of Complex-Patial Seizure

A
  • similar symptoms to simple
  • automatisms- random, purposeless movements
  • individual usually doesn’t remember the seizure and is tired afterwards
18
Q

When would the partial symptoms of a seizure be called the Aura?

A
  • when a partial seizure turns into a generalized
19
Q

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

A
  • most common form of epilepsy (60%)
  • typically a simple to complex partial seizure marked by:
    • olfactory hallucinations
    • intense psychic sensations
    • period of altered conciousness
    • ocassionaly with tonic-clonic seizure
  • usually starts in either hippocampus or temporal cortex
  • most resistent to meds
  • most likely to require surgery
20
Q

What deficits is Temporal Lobe Epilepsy associated with?

A

memory and attention deficits

21
Q

Status Epilepticus

A
  • seizure activity lasting more than 30 minutes
  • MEDICAL EMERGENCY
  • 20% mortality rate
  • associated with epilepsy, stroke, TBI, drug overdose or withdrawal, high fever, or poor compliance with seizure medication
22
Q

Seizure Diagnosis

A
  • MRI and CT
  • Go-to measures= observation and EEG
  • some seizures have a specific “look” to them
  • EEGs can be used to diagnose area of brain seizure, type, and differentially diagnose from things like daydreaming or ADHD
23
Q

Treatment

A
  • Injection of CNS depressant (like valium)
  • anti-convulsant
  • LONG TERM:
    • anti-convulsants
    • avoiding seizure triggers
    • nerve stimulation
24
Q

Surgery for parital seizure

A
  • must be sure of seizure activity area
  • do wada test to make sure you won’t affect dominant brain area
  • cut it out!
25
Q

Seizure for general seizure

A
  • cut the corpus callosum so seizure cannot generalize to other half of the brain
26
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • demyelinating autoimmune disorder
  • inflammation of areas of the brain cause immune functions to kill cells that make myelin
  • prevalance= .02-1.5 %
  • young adults and women are more likely to develop the disorder
27
Q

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • almost any neurological sign
  • weakness and incontinence are most common
  • tends to flare up then remit, with each flare up getting a bit worse
28
Q

Diagnosis of MS

A
  • MS is a differential disorder
  • its usually diagnosed when other disorders are ruled out
29
Q

Treatment of MS

A
  • uses corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
  • currently no cure, however he disease has a slow progression and symptoms are the issue
30
Q
A

Clinical Neuropsych (5 decks)

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