SEIZURES

Question 1

Blocks the Sodium (Na+) channel hence Sodium cannot go in, and there would be no depolarization and no release of neurotransmitters.

Answer 1

Phenytoin

Question 2

Modulates the release of neurotransmitters by binding to the Synaptic Vesicle 2A (SV2A) protein that is found in the orain, thereby inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters.

Answer 2

Levetiracetam (Brand Name: Keppra)

Question 3

Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and, at the same time, also blocks Ca2+ Channel. If the Ca2+ Channel is blocked, calcium cannot go in and no depolarization will happen in the post-synaptic neuron

Answer 3

Ethosuximide

Question 4

Affects both the pre- and post-synaptic neurons.

The K+ Channels that are found on the pre- and post-synaptic are activated by depolarization. They would open once there is a sufficient amount of Ca2+ and Na+ inside. But this time, because of Retigabine, even if there is no sufficient amount of Ca2+ and Na+, they would open, releasing more K+ outside. Mas matagal magkakaroon ng depolarization and what is actually happening is hyperpolarization.

Answer 4

Retigabine

Question 5

A new class of medication. 1st of its class as an AMPA (a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) Receptor Agonist.

Post-synaptic neuroreceptor that binds to the AMPA receptor, thus blocking glutamate from binding to the receptor and causing the influx of Na+.

Answer 5

Perampanel

Question 6

They bind to the GABA receptors causing your Cl- channels to open, allowing the influx of chloride, causing inhibition of the action potential.

Answer 6

Benzodiazepines & Barbiturates

Question 7

Inhibits the GABA co-transporter, thereby inhibiting the re-uptake of GABA into the presynaptic neurons.

Answer 7

Tiagabine

Question 8

Binds to the alpha and delta subunits of the calcium channel

Answer 8

Gabapentin

Question 9

Binds to the alpha subunits of your calcium channel, thereby inhibiting the influx of your calcium.

Answer 9

Pregabalin

Question 10

↓ GABA degradation and drugs with multiple mechanisms:
Thereby increasing the amount of GABA that could attach to receptors

Answer 10

Vigabatrin

Question 11

↑ GABA turnover, ↓ Na+ channels, ↓ NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors

NMDA is a glutamate receptor

If we decrease the binding receptors for the glutamate, then we are going to have a decrease also in the opening of the sodium channels, thereby having hyperpolarization.

Answer 11

Valproate

Question 12

↓ Na+ channels, ↓ AMPA/Kainate receptors, ↑ GABA, receptors

Answer 12

Topiramate

Question 13

↓ Na+ channels, ↑ GABA, receptors, ↓ NMDA receptors

Answer 13

Felbamate