Segmentals Flashcards
What is a phoneme?
Sound differences that alter the meaning.
What is an allophone?
A set of similar sounds that occur in different phonetic contexts but do not change the meaning of a word.
What are the three properties to describe and categorize consonants?
- Voicing
- Place of articulation
- Manner of articulation
What is voicing?
Whether the vocal cords are vibrating or not
What is the place of articulation?
Where the sound is made
What is the manner of articulation?
How is the airflow affected
What are the 2 broad groups of manners?
Obstruents and sonorants
VOICED
when the vocals cords ar vibrating
VOICELESS
when the vocal cords are not vibrating
BILABIAL
articulated with both lips [p, b, m]
LABIO-DENTAL
with the lower lip (labial) and upper teeth (dental) coming into contact with each other. [f, v]
INTER-DENTAL
With the tongue tip on or near the inner surface of the upper teeth. [θ, ð]
ALVEOLAR
produced with the tongue tip on or near the tooth ridge. [t,d,s,z,n,l]
PALATAL
produced with the tongue blade or body on or near the hard palatal [ʃ, ʒ, ɹ, j]
VELAR
produced with the tongue body on or near the soft palatal [k, g, ŋ, w]
GLOTTAL
produced with air passing from the windpipe through the vocal cords [h, ʔ]
STOP
when the vocal tract is closed and the airflow is blocked as it leaves the body [p, b, t, d, k, g, ʔ]
FRICATIVE
close stricture that creates friction when air is released. [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h]
AFFRICATE
Start with producing a plosive and blending immediately into a fricative. [tʃ, tʒ]
NASAL
Air is released through the nasal passages. [m, n, ŋ]
GLIDE
essentially produced like tiny vowels [j, w]
LIQUID
airflow is allowed to continue through the vocal tract relatively uninhibited [l, ɹ]
what are sonorants?
Speech sounds created by continuous and unobstructed airflow through the vocal tract
(consonants and vowels)
what are obstruents?
Speech sounds created by obstructing the airflow in the vocal tract
(all consonants)
