Segment Review Module 1

Question 1

Definition of Psychology

Answer 1

Psychology is the study of mind, like internal cognition (thoughts, ideas, and feelings), and behaviors, like external actions (talking, walking and opening things).

Question 2

What is the difference between Structuralism and functionalism?

Answer 2

Structuralism was based off the actual structure and elements of the mind, while functionalism was based off the mind’s ability to allow a person to learn, work, and play.

Question 3

Who were the important people in those early fields.

Answer 3

Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, and William James.

Question 4

Who were the important people behind the Gestalt, psychoanalytic and behaviorism approaches?

Answer 4

Sigmund Freud and John B. Watson.

Question 5

What are the seven modern perspectives.

Answer 5

Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Humanistic, Cognitive, Biological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary.

Question 6

Psychodynamic Perspective

Answer 6

Psychodynamic perspective is one of the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Psychodynamics is all about how a lot of our mental activity is unconscious and to understand why this happens we have to self-analyze ourselves. Almost like we have passive actions.

Question 7

Behaviorism

Answer 7

Behaviorism is another modern perspective. Behaviorism is the study of observable behavior.

Question 8

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 8

Humanistic perspective is about how we have feelings inside that we are afraid to let out because of fear of mockery; that is where therapist’s come in. You can talk to them and they will not judge.

Question 9

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 9

Cognitive perspective is about not limiting our research to only our observable behaviors.

Question 10

Biological Perspective

Answer 10

Biological perspective is about the important of understanding the human brain to decipher its thoughts and actions.

Question 11

Sociocultural Perspective

Answer 11

Sociocultural perspective examines that influence of other people and social standards on our thoughts and behaviors.

Question 12

Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 12

Evolutionary perspective examines human behaviors and thought processes in relation to Darwin’s theories of evolution and adaptation.

Question 13

How does a psychiatrist differ from a psychologist?

Answer 13

Psychiatrist’s focus on studying, giving medication, and trying to treat mental disorders. Whereas, psychologist focuses more on the study of the human brain and its functions and behaviors.

Question 14

What are other types of professional who work in various areas of psychology?

Answer 14

Other professions who work in various areas of psychology are counselors, therapists, and researchers. All of these different professions are important to contribution of psychology.

Question 15

What are the steps of scientific method?

Answer 15

Observe, Question, Hypothesize, Experimentation, and Analyze and Conclude.

Question 16

Why is psychology considered a science?

Answer 16

Psychology is considered a science because it is a study that deals with the brain and thoughts. It is also a science because it is based of experimentation, observation, and results from data.

Question 17

Case Study - descriptive

Answer 17

. Type of observation data technique - one individual is studied in-depth in order identify behavioral, emotional, and/or cognitive qualities that are universally true, on average, of others; often include face-to-face interviews, paper and pencil tests, etc…

Question 18

Survey

Answer 18

A technique for asserting the self-reporting attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of individuals.

Question 19

Random Sample - everyone has an equal opportunity to be chosen

Answer 19

A sample is chosen from random in the population thus everyone has an equal opportunity to be chosen.

Question 20

Representative Samples

Answer 20

A sample is chosen from a given population in hope that all minorities and majorities will be represented appropriately in a study or an experiment.

Question 21

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 21

The process of observing a subject in their natural environment without any manipulation by the researcher.

Question 22

Correlation

Answer 22

A measure of the relationship between two variables.

Question 23

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 23

A number that represents the strength and directions of a relationship existing between two variables; number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation. A measure of the direction (positive or negative) and extent (range of a correlation coefficient is from -1 to +1) of the relationship between two sets of scores.

Question 24

Illusory Correlation

Answer 24

The tendency to believe a relationship exists when one does not.

Question 25

Correlation vs. Causation

Answer 25

A correlation is when there could be a connection between two events, while a causation is saying that one event causes the other one.

Question 26

Independent Variable vs. Dependent Variable

Answer 26

An independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated in the experiment. The dependent variable is the variable that changes as a reaction of the independent variable.

Question 27

Control group vs. Experimental group

Answer 27

The experimental group is the group in the experiment that we are testing. The control group is the group that doesn’t change and stays the same.

Question 28

Placebo Effect

Answer 28

A placebo is something that the control group receives that is disguised as the thing the experimental group gets. For example, if the experimental was receiving a new drug, then the control group will get something that looks just like the pill, but it’s really just condensed sugar. Therefore the placebo effect is when the placebo actually had an effect on someone in the control group.

Question 29

Random Assignment

Answer 29

Random assignment is where you chose something randomly in an experiment. For example, if I randomly select participants of different genders, then that is random selection because I have no bias.

Question 30

Operational Definitions

Answer 30

Operational definition is basically describing the subjects or parts of you experiment in details. For example, the subjects in my experiment will be 70-80 years olds who are recently divorced and didn’t have a pet previously.

Question 31

Replication

Answer 31

Replication is important to an experiment because it proves that your results are reliable.

Question 32

Single-blind vs. Double-blind procedures

Answer 32

Single-blind procedures are when the participants don’t know who got the placebo and who got the real thing they are testing. For example, they don’t if they are in the experimental group or the control group. Double-blind procedures are where neither the participants nor the observer know who got the placebo and who got the real thing they are testing.

Question 33

Extraneous and Confounding Variables

Answer 33

Extraneous and confounding variable are the variables that you have to think about that could affect the outcome of the experiment. For example, the environment the participants are in, the TV they watch, or the food they eat.

Question 34

APA Ethical Guidelines for research

Answer 34

Harm, Consent, Deception, Confidential, and Animal protection.

Question 35

Harm

Answer 35

The researcher may not mentally or physically harm the participants. This standard is pretty obvious, but it can be the most dangerous.

Question 36

Consent

Answer 36

The subjects must provide clear, informed consent in writing to participate in the study and they are free to withdraw from the study at any time.

Question 37

Deception

Answer 37

Deception is a fancy word for lying, but “lying” sounds so underhanded and dastardly. In many cases, if the participants were aware of what the scientists were researching, they would alter their natural behavior to conform to the expectations of what they should be doing rather than what they usually do.

Question 38

Confidential

Answer 38

All private information is kept confidential.

Question 39

Animal Protection

Answer 39

Just as there is a code of ethical treatment of humans, animals are protected by a similar set of rules. Some psychologists avoid the use of animals in research as a matter of principle, while others rely on them.

Question 40

Describe the important contributions of Skinner?

Answer 40

Skinner contributed to operant conditioning, in which he found that the consequences following a behavior will influence that behavior to be repeated, or never replicated again.

Question 41

Describe the important contributions of Maslow and Rogers?

Answer 41

Maslow and Rogers both worked on the humanistic perspective, in which they championed the free will of individuals to choose their own destinies

Question 42

What are the differences in the various types of studies?

Answer 42

Naturalistic Observation, Participant Observation, and Case Study

Question 43

Naturalistic Observation and its draw backs.

Answer 43

Naturalistic Observation is the process of observing a subject in their natural environment without any manipulation by the researcher.

Question 44

Participant Observation and its draw backs.

Answer 44

Participant observation is a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed.

Question 45

Case Study and its draw backs.

Answer 45

Case Study is a type of observation data technique - one individual is studied in-depth in order identify behavioral, emotional, and/or cognitive qualities that are universally true, on average, of others; often include face-to-face interviews, paper and pencil tests, etc…