Segment 3-Physical Activity Interventions

Question 1

What is determinant research?

Answer 1

Factors that affect exercise behaviour

Genetic, social, psychological, program, environmental

Question 2

What is intervention research?

Answer 2

Seeks to manipulate factors that affect exercise behaviour

Question 3

What 2 ways is intervention research associated with PA?

Answer 3

1.Physical activity as the criterion variable:
Intervention to increase exercise -> Change in exercise behaviour
2.Physical activity as the treatment variable:
Exercise intervention -> Change in function, health status, QoL

Question 4

What are the 4 approached to PA interventions?

Answer 4

1. Informational Approaches
2. Behavioural Approaches
3. Social Approaches
4. Environmental/Policy Approaches

Question 5

What is the point of Informational Approaches?

Answer 5

To change knowledge and attitudes

Question 6

What is the point of Behavioural Approaches?

Answer 6

To teach necessary skills

Question 7

What is the point of Social Approaches?

Answer 7

To use relations conductive to behaviour change

Question 8

What is the point of Environmental/Policy Approaches?

Answer 8

To Change structure of environments

Question 9

3 forms of Informational Approaches

Answer 9

• Mass Media Campaigns
• Community-Wide Campaigns
• Point of Decision Prompts

Question 10

5 commonly used Behavioural Approach Techniques

Answer 10

• Exercise Contracts
• Action Plans/Implementation Intentions
• Theory of Planned Behaviour
• Relapse Prevention
• Self-monitoring

Question 11

Which approach is the most effective way to increase PA?

Answer 11

Behavioural

Question 12

Effectiveness of Mass Media Campaigns

Answer 12

• Reach large number of people

- Well remembered

Question 13

Drawbacks of Mass Media Campaigns

Answer 13

• Don’t provide sufficient information (i.e., the ‘how)
• Can be expensive
• May not reach target audience
• Difficult to show effects on behaviour

Question 14

Effectiveness of Community-Wide Campaigns

Answer 14

-improvements in % (although small) of people who are active and energy expenditure

Question 15

Drawbacks of Community-Wide Campaigns

Answer 15

• require planning, well-trained staff, resources
• may not reach enough people
• require ‘buy in’ from influential members of community

Question 16

Effectiveness of Point of Decision Prompts

Answer 16

• little time, effort, and money to implement

- effective when messages about specific benefits are targeted to specific groups

Question 17

Drawbacks of Point of Decision Prompts

Answer 17

• effective only when sign is posted AND when alternative option such as stairs are safe and easy to find
• does not guarantee people will find other opportunities to be active in daily life

Question 18

5 things messages should do

Answer 18

1. Emphasize meaningful, positive consequences of exercise
2. Discuss how to minimize negative consequences of exercise
3. Create social pressure to exercise
4. Enhance beliefs that people have control over exercise
5. Provide detailed (simple) information of how to start PA

Question 19

Drawbacks of Behavioural Approaches

Answer 19

• well-trained counselors are needed

- limited number of activity counselors vs. numbers of inactive people

Question 20

Effectiveness of Social Approaches

Answer 20

-leads to increased PA and fitness, especially when combined with other interventions

Question 21

Drawbacks of Social Approaches

Answer 21

• impossible to know which component of intervention responsible for improvement
• success depends on cooperation of group members

Question 22

What is the point of GMCP Interventions?

Answer 22

-Capitalize on benefits obtained from behavioural and social approaches

Question 23

3 phases of GMCP Interventions?

Answer 23

Intensive Phase
Transition Phase
Follow-Up Phase

Question 24

What is part of the intensive phase?

Answer 24

• Form/develop group
• Learn to self-regulate
• Build self-efficacy

Question 25

What is part of the transition phase?

Answer 25

• Adjourn group
• Wean members from dependence
• Increase self-managed PA

Question 26

What is part of the follow-up phase?

Answer 26

-Determine whether participants can completely self-mange

Question 27

2 main parts of Environmental/Policy Approaches

Answer 27

• Modifying Policy and Curriculum

- Creating/Enhancing Access to Facilities

Question 28

Effectiveness of Modifying Policy and Curriculum

Answer 28

-Can increase PA in young people

Question 29

Drawbacks of Modifying Policy and Curriculum

Answer 29

• Not known if this participation helps to establish life-long patterns of active living
• Difficult to convince school districts & parents of importance of devoting time/resources to enhancing PE programs

Question 30

Effectiveness of Creating/Enhancing Access to Facilities

Answer 30

-Interventions can result in a 25% increase in proportion of people who exercise at least 3x/week

Question 31

Drawbacks of Creating/Enhancing Access to Facilities

Answer 31

• Time and resource consuming

- Providing people with opportunities to be active doesn’t guarantee they will actually be active

Question 32

What is the RE-AIM Framework?

Answer 32

Reach (% of people from given population)
Effectiveness (+/- consequences experienced)
Adoption (representativeness of adoption)
Implementation (delivery efficacy in real world)
Maintenance (sustained over time)

Question 33

What is the evaluation of PA interventions?

Answer 33

Effective research interventions may not be useful in general population (i.e., the real world)

1. Those who ‘volunteer’ likely not the general population (e.g., greater motivation)
2. Those delivering interventions may have more time/be more invested in comparison to those in ‘real world’
3. Interventions not always feasible in ‘real world’ (e.g., paying participants!)