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KNPE 265 > Segment 2-The 'Self' & Exercise > Flashcards

Segment 2-The 'Self' & Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is Normative Discontent?

A

Majority of children, adolescents, and adults in Western cultures report dissatisfaction with body shape, size, weight, or appearances

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2
Q

Body Image is a ____

A

Multidimensional construct

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3
Q

4 Dimensions of Body Image

A

Affective
Behavioural
Cognitive
Perceptual

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4
Q

What is the Affective (emotional) dimension body image?

A

Feelings (comfort, pride, anxiety, disgust) about body appearance and function
Frequent issues?

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5
Q

What are 4 aspects of Affective body image

A
  • Social physique anxiety
  • Shame
  • Guilt
  • Pride
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6
Q

How do we assess Affective feelings?

A

Through interviews or questionnaires

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7
Q

What is the Perceptual dimension of body image?

A
  • How we imagine ourselves to look

- Mental representation of body appearance and function

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8
Q

How do we assess Perceptual body image?

A

Assess level of judgement accuracy about the size of an individual’s body

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9
Q

What is the Cognitive dimension of body image?

A
  • How we think about/evaluate our body for appearance and function
  • Typically related with satisfaction/dissatisfaction
  • Most clinical and research attention to date
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10
Q

How do we assess Cognitive body image?

A

Degree of satisfaction with body shape:
- select images from a series of drawings that represent perceived current size and ideal size
Criticism:
-some scales do not adequately measure concerns about muscularity

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11
Q

What is the Behavioural dimension of body image?

A

What we do to reflect positive or negative perceptions, thoughts, and feelings
include:
avoid situations, loose-fitting clothing, dieting, body checking, PEDs

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12
Q

How do we know these behaviours?

A

Avoidance behaviours
Lifestyle behaviours
Body checking behaviours

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13
Q

3 parts of a health BI

A
  • Accurate perceptions of body shape and size
  • Thoughts/feelings about one’s body that are predominantly positive
  • Behaviour reflects positive evaluations
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14
Q

3 aspects of BI disturbance

A
  • Inaccurate perception of body shape and size
  • Negative thoughts and feelings about body
  • Behaviours to hide/change without regard for health implications
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15
Q

What is Body Dysmorphia?

A

Exaggerated and inaccurate perfections of flawed body parts

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16
Q

What is Body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Preoccupation causing stress and daily functioning impairment

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17
Q

What is Muscle dysmorphia?

A

Chronic preoccupation with perceived muscle insufficiencies

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18
Q

What are Eating Disorders?

A

Abnormal eating habits resulting in sufficient or excessive food consumption

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19
Q

4 ways Body Image is linked to PA

A
  1. Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image
  2. Self-Presentation
  3. Social Comparison Theory
  4. Self-Discrepancy Theory
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20
Q
  • Media exposure to idealized and attractive images may promote self-criticism
  • e.g., Facebook/Instagram supportive positive and negative BI
  • Desire to post favourably and self-promote may lead viewers to envy and shame
A

Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image

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21
Q

Process that involves impressive motivation and impressive construction
Impression Motivation:
how motivated individuals are able to control other’s perception
Impression Construction:
creating an image to convey to others (e.g., athletic clothing, makeup, etc.)

A

Self-Presentation

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22
Q

People need to evaluate abilities by comparing
Downward Social Comparison:
comparing to others who are worse off on valued attribute (e.g., appearance, body shape)
Upward Social Comparison:
comparing to others who are better off on valued attribute

A

Social Comparison Theory

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23
Q

Compare self to internalized standards called self-guides
2 types of self-guides:
1.Ideal self
reflects hopes and aspirations of what people want to be
2.Ought self
reflects what people think they should be

A

Self-Discrepancy Theory

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24
Q

4 factors influencing Body Image

A
  1. Demographics
  2. Media/Cultural Influence
  3. Activity Participation
  4. Changes to Body Reality
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25
Q

2 functions body image serves regarding PA

A
  1. Motivate self-protection, avoidance, and withdrawal from PA behaviours (-)
  2. Motivate PA behaviours as a means of self-enhancement (+)
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26
Q

2 Outcomes of Body Image

A

Physical Activity

Health-Compromising Behaviours

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27
Q
  • An imbalance between demands and your capability to respond
  • Occurs when failure to meet demands has important consequences
A

Stress

28
Q

4 emotions to tell us how someone is coping

A

Anger
Shame
Pride
Hope

29
Q

What emotion is: someone wronged me

A

Anger

30
Q

What emotion is: not living up to an ego-ideal

A

Shame

31
Q

What emotion is: meeting or exceeding expectations

A

Pride

32
Q

What emotion is: fearing the worst but believing things can/will get better

A

Hope

33
Q

What is the Primary Appraisal?

A

Evaluate Situation: What is at stake? Is it relevant to the person? Could it be beneficial or harmful?

34
Q

What is the Secondary Appraisal?

A

Evaluate Options: What can be done? Available resources? Perceptions of control? Expectations?

35
Q

What are the 3 Appraisal Experiences?

A

Harm/Loss: Psychological damage & loss unavoidable
Threat: Anticipation of harm
Challenge: Success in a difficult situation

36
Q

What is the Appraisal Coping Style?

A

Problem
Emotion
Avoidance

37
Q

What is the Appraisal Outcome?

A

Achievement
Emotional
Physical

38
Q

5 Steps in the Appraisal Process

A 
Primary Appraisal
Secondary Appraisal
Experiences
Coping Style
Outcome
39
Q

4 types of stressors

A
  • Acute -> Chronic
  • Expected vs. Unexpected
  • Competitive vs. Non-competitive
  • Organizational
40
Q

4 Stress, Emotion, and Coping Outcomes from Research

A

1.Stressful & important events can be perceived as threatening or challenging
2.Appraisals are related to control beliefs
challenge = within control
threat = uncontrollable
3.Emotions are strongly related to appraisals
challenge = pleasant
threat = unpleasant
4.Emotions are related to satisfaction
directly & indirectly (through coping strategies)

41
Q

What 3 Factors Predict how well we cope?

A

Gender
Individual Factors
Social/Environmental Factors

42
Q

How does gender affect coping?

A

-Males and females cope differently
-Why?
Role constraint theory – based on varying society roles
Socialization theory – different strategies for same situations

43
Q

What individual factors affect coping?

A

-Age, development, and expertise
more proficient athletes use task-oriented coping
-Personality
optimistic athletes more likely to attain performance goals and experience well-being
-Cognitive appraisals of emotion
trait anxious athletes more likely to use disengagement-oriented coping

44
Q

What social/environmental factors affect coping?

A

-Coaching and teammate interactions influence emotions, regulation, and coping
Teammates emotions are contagious, which can be good or bad
-Important to effectively regulate emotions
Think of those around you
-Coaches emotions and actions can directly affect athletes’ emotion before and during competition
Think of the achievement environment

45
Q

Define Anxiety

A

More than chronic stress and increased arousal

  • perception of threat is disproportionate
  • experienced far longer than arousal lasts
  • can occur in the absence of threat
46
Q

5 Symptoms of anxiety

A 
Unpleasant Feelings
Physical Symptoms
Changes in Cognitions
Changes in Behaviour
Vigilance
47
Q

2 types of anxiety symptoms

A
  1. Mental: Cognitive Anxiety

2. Physical: Somatic Anxiety

48
Q
  • worry and emotional stress
  • negative thoughts/self-talk
  • reduced ability to concentrate or focus
  • could be due to worry about meeting demands of sport, failing, pressure
A

Mental: Cognitive Anxiety

49
Q
  • changes in perceived physical activation
  • physiologically based, influences physiological reactions
  • shortness of breath, increased HR/BP and stress hormones
  • butterflies, tense muscles
A

Physical: Somatic Anxiety

50
Q

2 types of social anxiety

A

Competetive

Social Physique

51
Q

“transient emotional state characterized by feelings of apprehension and heightened autonomic nervous system activity”

A

State anxiety?

52
Q

“a more general predisposition to respond with apprehension, worry, and nervousness across situations”

A

Trait anxiety

53
Q

What is arousal?

A
  • blend of physiological & psychological activation of your autonomic nervous system. Results from positive and/or negative events
54
Q

4 stages of Stress Response

A
  1. Environmental Demand: physical & psychological
  2. Perception of Environmental Demand: amount of ‘threat’ perceived
  3. Stress Response: arousal, state anxiety (cognitive or somatic), muscle tension, attentional changes
  4. Behavioural Consequences: physical and psychological
55
Q

3 ways to measure anxiety

A
  • Intensity
  • Frequency of Cognitive Intrusions
  • Directional Interpretation
56
Q

2 factors contributing to anxiety in PA

A

Personal

Environmental

57
Q

4 key anxiety take-aways

A

•Anxiety is multidimensional
•Interpretation of arousal/anxiety is key
•Individual differences & environmental features influence our symptoms of anxiety
•Physical activity can increase or decrease anxiety
Increase (think of factors discussed)
Decrease (think of research results)

58
Q

Define Mental Health

A

Well-being in which an individual realizes potential, copes with normal stresses, works productively, and is able to contribute to community

59
Q

Define Mental Illness

A

Health condition characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour, associated with distress and/or impaired functioning

60
Q

Why is PA good health promotion? (5 reasons)

A
  1. Cost-effective
  2. Self-sustained (no end point)
  3. Negligible deleterious effects
  4. “Win-Win” (physical and mental health)
  5. Population-based
61
Q

What are the functions of PA in mental health?

A
  1. The Preventative Functions
  2. The Treatment Function
  3. QoL Function for Chronic Physical and Mental Health
  4. The “Feel Good” Function
62
Q
  • Ease pain, result in feelings of euphoria (mimics morphine)
  • Difficult to measure levels of beta-endorphin in human brain
  • Recent research less optimistic
A

Endorphin

63
Q
  • Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
  • Role in development & brain plasticity -> correlation with mental health
  • BDNF levels increase after endurance training
A

Neurotrophic

64
Q
  • # of neurotransmitters available is related to our mood-Which is affected by exercise!!
  • Lack of human brain research impacts conclusiveness of findings
A

Monoamine

65
Q
  • Psychological effects derived from accomplishment or mastery felt upon completion of a task
  • Belief that one can successfully execute behaviour
  • Increased sense of self-worth, self-efficacy, and personal control over the environment
A

A Process Approach Hypothesis

KNPE 265 (3 decks)

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