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KNPE 265 > Segment 2-The 'Self' & Exercise > Flashcards

Segment 2-The 'Self' & Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is Normative Discontent?

A

Majority of children, adolescents, and adults in Western cultures report dissatisfaction with body shape, size, weight, or appearances

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2
Q

Body Image is a ____

A

Multidimensional construct

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3
Q

4 Dimensions of Body Image

A

Affective
Behavioural
Cognitive
Perceptual

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4
Q

What is the Affective (emotional) dimension body image?

A

Feelings (comfort, pride, anxiety, disgust) about body appearance and function
Frequent issues?

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5
Q

What are 4 aspects of Affective body image

A
  • Social physique anxiety
  • Shame
  • Guilt
  • Pride
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6
Q

How do we assess Affective feelings?

A

Through interviews or questionnaires

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7
Q

What is the Perceptual dimension of body image?

A
  • How we imagine ourselves to look

- Mental representation of body appearance and function

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8
Q

How do we assess Perceptual body image?

A

Assess level of judgement accuracy about the size of an individual’s body

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9
Q

What is the Cognitive dimension of body image?

A
  • How we think about/evaluate our body for appearance and function
  • Typically related with satisfaction/dissatisfaction
  • Most clinical and research attention to date
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10
Q

How do we assess Cognitive body image?

A

Degree of satisfaction with body shape:
- select images from a series of drawings that represent perceived current size and ideal size
Criticism:
-some scales do not adequately measure concerns about muscularity

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11
Q

What is the Behavioural dimension of body image?

A

What we do to reflect positive or negative perceptions, thoughts, and feelings
include:
avoid situations, loose-fitting clothing, dieting, body checking, PEDs

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12
Q

How do we know these behaviours?

A

Avoidance behaviours
Lifestyle behaviours
Body checking behaviours

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13
Q

3 parts of a health BI

A
  • Accurate perceptions of body shape and size
  • Thoughts/feelings about one’s body that are predominantly positive
  • Behaviour reflects positive evaluations
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14
Q

3 aspects of BI disturbance

A
  • Inaccurate perception of body shape and size
  • Negative thoughts and feelings about body
  • Behaviours to hide/change without regard for health implications
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15
Q

What is Body Dysmorphia?

A

Exaggerated and inaccurate perfections of flawed body parts

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16
Q

What is Body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Preoccupation causing stress and daily functioning impairment

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17
Q

What is Muscle dysmorphia?

A

Chronic preoccupation with perceived muscle insufficiencies

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18
Q

What are Eating Disorders?

A

Abnormal eating habits resulting in sufficient or excessive food consumption

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19
Q

4 ways Body Image is linked to PA

A
  1. Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image
  2. Self-Presentation
  3. Social Comparison Theory
  4. Self-Discrepancy Theory
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20
Q
  • Media exposure to idealized and attractive images may promote self-criticism
  • e.g., Facebook/Instagram supportive positive and negative BI
  • Desire to post favourably and self-promote may lead viewers to envy and shame
A

Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image

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21
Q

Process that involves impressive motivation and impressive construction
Impression Motivation:
how motivated individuals are able to control other’s perception
Impression Construction:
creating an image to convey to others (e.g., athletic clothing, makeup, etc.)

A

Self-Presentation

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22
Q

People need to evaluate abilities by comparing
Downward Social Comparison:
comparing to others who are worse off on valued attribute (e.g., appearance, body shape)
Upward Social Comparison:
comparing to others who are better off on valued attribute

A

Social Comparison Theory

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23
Q

Compare self to internalized standards called self-guides
2 types of self-guides:
1.Ideal self
reflects hopes and aspirations of what people want to be
2.Ought self
reflects what people think they should be

A

Self-Discrepancy Theory

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24
Q

4 factors influencing Body Image

A
  1. Demographics
  2. Media/Cultural Influence
  3. Activity Participation
  4. Changes to Body Reality
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25
2 functions body image serves regarding PA
1. Motivate self-protection, avoidance, and withdrawal from PA behaviours (-) 2. Motivate PA behaviours as a means of self-enhancement (+)
26
2 Outcomes of Body Image
Physical Activity | Health-Compromising Behaviours
27
- An imbalance between demands and your capability to respond - Occurs when failure to meet demands has important consequences
Stress
28
4 emotions to tell us how someone is coping
Anger Shame Pride Hope
29
What emotion is: someone wronged me
Anger
30
What emotion is: not living up to an ego-ideal
Shame
31
What emotion is: meeting or exceeding expectations
Pride
32
What emotion is: fearing the worst but believing things can/will get better
Hope
33
What is the Primary Appraisal?
Evaluate Situation: What is at stake? Is it relevant to the person? Could it be beneficial or harmful?
34
What is the Secondary Appraisal?
Evaluate Options: What can be done? Available resources? Perceptions of control? Expectations?
35
What are the 3 Appraisal Experiences?
Harm/Loss: Psychological damage & loss unavoidable Threat: Anticipation of harm Challenge: Success in a difficult situation
36
What is the Appraisal Coping Style?
Problem Emotion Avoidance
37
What is the Appraisal Outcome?
Achievement Emotional Physical
38
5 Steps in the Appraisal Process
``` Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal Experiences Coping Style Outcome ```
39
4 types of stressors
- Acute -> Chronic - Expected vs. Unexpected - Competitive vs. Non-competitive - Organizational
40
4 Stress, Emotion, and Coping Outcomes from Research
1.Stressful & important events can be perceived as threatening or challenging 2.Appraisals are related to control beliefs challenge = within control threat = uncontrollable 3.Emotions are strongly related to appraisals challenge = pleasant threat = unpleasant 4.Emotions are related to satisfaction directly & indirectly (through coping strategies)
41
What 3 Factors Predict how well we cope?
Gender Individual Factors Social/Environmental Factors
42
How does gender affect coping?
-Males and females cope differently -Why? Role constraint theory – based on varying society roles Socialization theory – different strategies for same situations
43
What individual factors affect coping?
-Age, development, and expertise more proficient athletes use task-oriented coping -Personality optimistic athletes more likely to attain performance goals and experience well-being -Cognitive appraisals of emotion trait anxious athletes more likely to use disengagement-oriented coping
44
What social/environmental factors affect coping?
-Coaching and teammate interactions influence emotions, regulation, and coping Teammates emotions are contagious, which can be good or bad -Important to effectively regulate emotions Think of those around you -Coaches emotions and actions can directly affect athletes’ emotion before and during competition Think of the achievement environment
45
Define Anxiety
More than chronic stress and increased arousal - perception of threat is disproportionate - experienced far longer than arousal lasts - can occur in the absence of threat
46
5 Symptoms of anxiety
``` Unpleasant Feelings Physical Symptoms Changes in Cognitions Changes in Behaviour Vigilance ```
47
2 types of anxiety symptoms
1. Mental: Cognitive Anxiety | 2. Physical: Somatic Anxiety
48
- worry and emotional stress - negative thoughts/self-talk - reduced ability to concentrate or focus - could be due to worry about meeting demands of sport, failing, pressure
Mental: Cognitive Anxiety
49
- changes in perceived physical activation - physiologically based, influences physiological reactions - shortness of breath, increased HR/BP and stress hormones - butterflies, tense muscles
Physical: Somatic Anxiety
50
2 types of social anxiety
Competetive | Social Physique
51
“transient emotional state characterized by feelings of apprehension and heightened autonomic nervous system activity”
State anxiety?
52
“a more general predisposition to respond with apprehension, worry, and nervousness across situations”
Trait anxiety
53
What is arousal?
- blend of physiological & psychological activation of your autonomic nervous system. Results from positive and/or negative events
54
4 stages of Stress Response
1. Environmental Demand: physical & psychological 2. Perception of Environmental Demand: amount of ‘threat’ perceived 3. Stress Response: arousal, state anxiety (cognitive or somatic), muscle tension, attentional changes 4. Behavioural Consequences: physical and psychological
55
3 ways to measure anxiety
- Intensity - Frequency of Cognitive Intrusions - Directional Interpretation
56
2 factors contributing to anxiety in PA
Personal | Environmental
57
4 key anxiety take-aways
•Anxiety is multidimensional •Interpretation of arousal/anxiety is key •Individual differences & environmental features influence our symptoms of anxiety •Physical activity can increase or decrease anxiety Increase (think of factors discussed) Decrease (think of research results)
58
Define Mental Health
Well-being in which an individual realizes potential, copes with normal stresses, works productively, and is able to contribute to community
59
Define Mental Illness
Health condition characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour, associated with distress and/or impaired functioning
60
Why is PA good health promotion? (5 reasons)
1. Cost-effective 2. Self-sustained (no end point) 3. Negligible deleterious effects 4. “Win-Win” (physical and mental health) 5. Population-based
61
What are the functions of PA in mental health?
1. The Preventative Functions 2. The Treatment Function 3. QoL Function for Chronic Physical and Mental Health 4. The “Feel Good” Function
62
* Ease pain, result in feelings of euphoria (mimics morphine) * Difficult to measure levels of beta-endorphin in human brain * Recent research less optimistic
Endorphin
63
* Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) * Role in development & brain plasticity -> correlation with mental health * BDNF levels increase after endurance training
Neurotrophic
64
* # of neurotransmitters available is related to our mood-Which is affected by exercise!! * Lack of human brain research impacts conclusiveness of findings
Monoamine
65
* Psychological effects derived from accomplishment or mastery felt upon completion of a task * Belief that one can successfully execute behaviour * Increased sense of self-worth, self-efficacy, and personal control over the environment
A Process Approach Hypothesis

KNPE 265 (3 decks)

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