Segment #2 Flashcards
What is the vicious circle in MI’s?
Decreased 02/nutrients available makes heart work harder to movement ore blood for supply which in turn raises demand
Insulin is produced by?
Beta cells
Valium, Ativan, versed, rohypnol are examples of?
Benzos
Opioids active what receptors?
MU, Kappa
What is group beating
A pattern of repetitive arms complexes
What is parasystole?
A ectopic, independent RYTHM that operates concurrently with the dominant rhythm whose foci cant be discharged by the dominant pacemaker impulses.
How many total vertebrae?
33
GTPLAM means?
G: gravida T: Term P: Para L:Number of LIVING children A: Abortus M: Multiple births
Definition of Arrhythmia
Irregularly or absence of a heartbeat
Cipro, Bactrin, flagyl, amoxil, ampiciliian are examples of what?
Antibiotics
What does osteblasts and class respond to?
Estrogen
What are the 4 types of connectors most often seen in iv admin sets?
1-slip type
2-Luer lock
3-slip Liebr
4 general causes of anemia?
1-impaired RBC production
2-increased RBC production
3-blood loss
4-combination of the above
What is the skin like in neuro shock?
Pink, warm, dry
Diphenhydramine is example of what?
Antihistamines
Neo Nate rec triangle
Dry Warm Position Suction Stimulate 02 BVM ETT Chest compressions Medications
Metoprolol, atenolol, sotalol (beta blockers)
Amlodipine, adalat (calcium channel blockers) are examples of what drug?
Antiarrythmias
Varices is caused by what?
Cirrhosis of the liver which increae hepatoportal pressure
The condition after a seizure is called?
Todds paralysis
Valium goes in what site?
Rectal
What is polycythemia?
An increase in the amount of circulation RBC’s
What is super Hep?
D
Gallstones is called?
Biliary Colic
If apgar score is _____ must start CPR
-6
- Lassifications of drugs are what?
1: tricyclics: Amitryptaline, desipramine, doexpin, imipramine
2 MAOi’s: Maryland, nardil, parnate
3: SSRI proxac, fluxetine, Paxil, Zoloft
4-atypical: Wellbutrin, Effexor
Antidepressants
What is Idiojunctional RYTHM
Relatively slow, independent RYTHM that arises in the av junction and controls the ventricles.
90% of diabetes are..?
Type 2, NIDDM
Coumadin (warfarin), heparin are examples of what?
Anticoagulants/ antiplatelet
What is Empyema?
Collection of puss/exudates in pleural space
-generally from previous lung infection that has spread
What are the 3 basic types of iv catheters?
1-plastic catehtorers inserted over hollow needles
2-palastic catheters unserted through hollow needle or over a guide wire
3-hollow need (butterfly type)
3 major vessels most frequently injured in vascular structure injury are?
1-aorta
2-inferior vena cava
3-renal, messenteric, and iliac arteries and veins
3 cirrhosis causes
1-alcohol abuse
2-hep b and c
3-autoimmune dieseae
Small punches in the colons that bulge outward through weak spots.
Diverculosis
Furosemide (lasix) aldactone, hyrocholothiazide, diuril examples of what?
Diuretics
APGAR means
Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration’s
What are the 4 types of hemophilia?
1-A
2-B (Christmas)
3-C
4-Von Willebrand disease
What kind of hypertension has strongest link to atherosclerosis as main cause?
Primary
For CVA what is the timeline for when we pick up to delivery to CT?
4.5 hrs
What is Virchows Triad? Hint, for DVT
1-hypercoagulabliity
2-blood stasis
3-vessel damascene
Esophageal varices is often caused by what?
Liver cirrhosis
stages of acute renal failure
1-prerenal
2-renal
3-postrenal
How many bones in appendicular and axial?
Appen: 126
Axial: 80
What seizure consists ofbehavioural change and altered LOC?
Complex partial
2 major types of biliary colic?
1-cholesterol gallstones( too much fatty foods)
2-pigment gallstones (bilirubin)
What abd issue has kussmauls resps?
Chronic renal failure
What is renal colic?
Kidney stones
What inch needle for IM
1-1.5 inch
19-23 gauge
Glucagon is produced by..?
Alpha cells
What are the 9 fracture types?
1- open 2-closed 3-compression 4-colles 5-greenstick 6-transverse 7-oblique 8-simple 9-comminuted
What chronic disorder is muscular dystrophy caused by degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord?
ALS/ Lou Gehrigs
What tunica has semilunar valves designed to prevent backflow and ensure the flow of blood toward the heart?
-tunics intima (inner)
What 2 organs are primary sources of exsanguinations?
Liver and spleen
3 types of angina pain?
1-stable
2-variant (prinzmetal)
3-unstable
What infection can be life threatening?
Infectious
What is epiglottitis?
Bacterial infection of epiglottis
What seizure is a form of epilepsy involving buried alteration in movement, sensation or nerve function caused by abnormal electirucal activity in localized area of the brain?
Jacksonian
What is a bundle branch block
An abnormality in cardiac impulse conduction through the fibres of the bundle of his
What is the time of flow rate equation?
Volume x gtt/ml
——————-
Gtt/min
What headaches are typically more intense at night?
Cluster
____ poisoning exhibits a similar clinical picture or organophosphate posioning
Carbamate
What disorder is a infection of the brain tissue by a bacteria or virus which usually occurs first in another area of the body and migrates to the brain?
Encephalitis
3 classifications of connections at joints?
1-immovable
2-slightly moveable
3-highly moveable
What are the 4 dorms of Artherosclerosis?
1-PVD
2-Aortic problems
3-CVA
4-CAD
2 main types of dialysis
1-hemodialysis
2-peritoneal dialysis
When is paraplegic?
Thoracic
When is quadriplegia?
Cervical
What is AV dissociation
The independent beating of the atria and ventricles
What is potentiation?
A synergistic action in which the effect of 2 drudge given simultaneously is greater than the effect of the drugs given separertly
What 4 types does IV solutions come in?
1-Crystaloids
2-Colloids
3-Blood
4-Oxygen carrying fluids
“COBB” salad
When seizure last more than 30 mins it is called?
Status epilepticus
What is Bigeminy?
A normal beat alternating with a premature beat
Lidocaine, Epi, atropine and narcan are examples of what?
ET meds
What kind of needle should be used for patients in shock, cardiac arrest, or other life threatening emergencies
Large bore
Indications and contra for traction splints
Indi:
- mid shaft demure fracture
- closed
- no pelvic or lower extremiyy injury
Contra:
- open fractures
- gross angulations
What is a example of hyper and hypo tonic solutions?
Hypo
-.3 % normal saline
Hyper:
- Mannitol (head injury pts)
- 3.0% normal saline
What disease is resulting in spotty destruction of myelin?
Multiple sclerosis
A lethal dose of TCA is only ___x the prescribed dose
8x
3 main causes of peptic ulcers?
1-helicobacter pylori infection
2-increae gastric secreations
3-decreased mucosal secreations (NSAID abuse)
The ___ and ____ may be injured by compression forces in high speed motor vehicle crashed and deceleration injurties with people wearing seat belts
Large and small bowel
Inflammation of the gall bladder is called?
Choleycstis
What is Mobitz type 2 block?
A second degree or partial av block characterized by the sudden nonconduction of a atrial impulse and a periodic nonconducted beat that occurs without warning-without previous lengthening of the PR interval,
Wha temp does crack melt at?
98 Deg c
10 % of diabetics are?
Type 1, IDDM
Osteoblasts vs Osteoclasts
Blasts: build bone
Clasts: break down bone
Lorazopam, ,idazolam (versed), diazepam (Valium) are examples of what?
Benzo
Definition of Aberrant
Abnormal
3 stages of chronic renal failure?
1-early stage (60% nephron loss)
2-second stage (75% nephron loss)
3-end stage (uremia) (90% nephron loss)
True or false?
The brain has no pain receptors?
True!
What are some examples of Isotonic Solutions?
1-.9% normal saline
2- Ringers Lactate
3-D5W (relatively isotonic)
What is placenta Previa? Pain?
Abnormal posistion of the placenta within the uterus
Painless, bright red blood
What is Croup?
Viral infection. Upper airway becomes inflamed and minor swelling
1: ACE inhibitors: accupril, captopril, lisinopril, enalapril
2: angiotensin 2 blockers:losartan
Antihypertensives “ils”
What hep is transferred via std?
C
SQ is what needle?
5.8
Adult abd cavity can hold up to how many litres of fluid before showing signs of distension?
1.5L
What is synergism?
The interaction of 2 or more drudge to produce a certain effect
What is electromechanical disssociation?
Electrical activity without evident of myocardial contraction
What are some causes of a PE
- thrombi
- fatty emboli
- air emboli
- amniotic fluid
- tumour cells
How many phases in cardiac actionable potentials?
0-4 (5)
What is dimenhydrinate and metoclopramide examples of?
Antiemtics
What is ulcerative colitis?
Inflammation in the ulcerative colitis is limited to the inner lining of the colon
- urge to defecate
- loss of electrolytes (see cardiac dysthymia )
Variant (prinzmetal) is usually caused by what?
VASOSPAMS
2 ways cholesterol gallstones are formed?
1-liver secretary too much LDL and bile cant dissolve all
2-liver does not produce enough bile to dissolve the CHL
Naloxone is example of what?
Opioid antagonists
Benadryl goes in what route?
IM
What 2 culprits are at fault for chronic renal failure?
HTn and diabetes
Renal failure uses what acronym for creating levels?
B: blood
U: uraemia
N: nitrogen
What hep has flu like symptoms?
B
Pantoloc, Zantac, Pepcid are examples of what?
Antacids
2 main types of seizures
1-generalized (both hemispheres)
2-partial (one hemisphere)
As pressure increases in the Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus filtration rate ____
Falls
2 general causes of chronic renal disease?
1-bacteria infection
2-renal failure from multiple causes
What are the 4 routes of entry for drugs?
1-inhalation
2-absorption
3-injection
4-ingestion
Anura must be less than…..
50 mL/day
What solution is isotonic in the container but hypotonic in the circulatory system?
D5W
In drownings, what is the max number of mins a patient can be under for us to work it?
90 mins
What 3 functions occurs during respiration?
1-o2 exchange
2-carbon dioxide/ waste exchange
3-alterations in thoracic pressure
Cerebral aneurysms present like what?
Stroke and or headache
What is a Mobitz type 1 (wenckeback) block?
A second degree or partial av block in whic the PR interveral increases progressively until the atrial impulse arrives during the Absolute refractory period and the corresponding ventricular beat is not conducted.
What are the times for the 3 I’s?
Ischemia (10 sec)
Injury (-20)
Infarct (+20)
What is junctional dysthymia?
The irregular heartbeat that results when the av node assumes the SA nodes roles as the hearts primary pacemaker.
Thrombolyic and emboltitc make up ___ % of stoke pts
25
Injury to what organ should be suspected in MVCs, falls and sports injuries? Where would pt complain of pain?
Spleen
- lower left chest
- flank
- upper left abd
What is extrasystole?
An ectopic beat, occuring before the next dominant beat, that depends on and couples with the preeeding beat, contraction of the heart that occurs prematurely and interrupts the normal cardiac cycle
Arterio vs Arthur?
Arterio:
Hardening of vessel walls
Arthur:
Hardening of vessel walls from fat deposits
What kind of hypertension can happen in 1 day?
Malignant/hypertensive
Lethal doses for ASA
Mild-moderate toxicity: 150-300 mg:kg
Serious: 301-500 mg/kg
Lethal: 500 Mg/kg
Dilantin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital are examples of what?
Anticonvulsants/ anbtipileptic
What seizure was formally called petit mall or behavioural, they are buried periods of abronoaml purposelsss behaviour
Absence
3 primary types of hypertension?
1-primary
2-secondary
3-malignant/hypertensive crisis
Is there tachycardia or not in Neuro shock?
Not!
What 3 things do skeletal and muscular systems work in conjunction to?
1-move
2-protect
3-regulate (thermal and chemically)
What infectious disease is preceded by a viral infection, it has unknown ethology and presents as progressive weakness dismally moving inwards towards the trunk?
Guilin barre syndrome
What are the 2 problems with hemorrhagic stroke?
1-ischemia
2- intracranial pressure
Hypertension are what numbers?
Systolic: 140-160
Diastolic: +90
What is compensatory pause?
The period following premature contraction during which the heart regulates itself allowing the SA node to resume normal conduction
What is a clonally malignant disorder of the flood forming organs causing an accumulation of dysfunctional cells and a loss of division regulation
Leukaemia
Bright Red blood is above or below the stomach?
Above
What is high permeability pulmonary edema and inability to adequately oxygenate despite 100% o2?
ARDS (adult resp distress syndrome)
In pregnancy does BP go up or down?
Down (should)
______ time is the interval between the origination of a impulse at the SA node and the stimulation of a ventricular contraction
Conduction
What 2 organs are the most frequently involved in blunt trauma?
Liver and spleen
What are the order of straps for the KED?
- Middle (yellow)
- Bottom (red)
- Legs (white)
- Head
- Top strap (green)
*My, Baby, Looks,Hot, Tonight
2 types of ABD pain
1-Parietal
2-Visceral
What is a atrioventricular block
A cardiac impulse conduction disturbance in the AC node, bundle of his or its brances.
Oral: diabenase, diabeta
Insulin: regular (Toronto) , NPH, Lente, semilente, ultralente
Hypoglycemics
______ contain large molecules such as protein that do not readily passs through the capillary membrane
Colloids
What is passed on by droplets in a cough?
Tuberculosis
_____ is quivering or oncoordinated muscular contraction
Fibrillation
Digoxin, lanpxin, diitalis are examples of?
Cardiac glycosides
What are the 4 seizure meds and 2 pre hospital meds?
1-Dilantin (phenytoin)
2- Tegretol (carbamazepine)
3-Phenobarbital
4- Depakene (vaporizer acid)
1-Valium (diazepam)
2-versed (midaszolam)
What q’s are important when taking HX for OD’s?
-what was taken?
-time?
-route?
How much?
-why?
-Any vomitting
-any samples?
What disease involves arteries of extremities and ABD organs?
Peripheral Vascular Diease (PVD)
ABD and extremities
What headache is caused by dilation of cerebral blood vessels?
Vascular ( migraine)
When do you hear crackles, Stridor and wheezes?
Crackles: fluid
Stridor: FBAO
Wheezing: bronchospasms
What are the 3 stages of renal failure?
1-renal insufficiency
2-end stage renal failure
3-renal failure
What is the MTWHF acronym for organo positing?
M-mydriasis (pupil dilation) T-tachycardia W-weakness H-hypertension, Hyperglycemia F-fasciculations (twitching)
Crystallizes 1 L of normal saline contains what?
- 154 mEq sodium ions (Na +)
- 154 mEq of chloride ions (Cl-)
What kind of needle should be used in pts requiring blood?
-min 18 gauge
Other name for RHF
For pulmonale
What is “direct lateral force on spinal column, typically shearing one level of cord from another”?
Lateral stress
Varicose vein
Distended, tortuous, palpable vein
What is Fusion Beat
Simultaneous activation of one chamber of the hear by two foci
What is frank starlings law?
The more the ventricle is filled with blood during diastole, the greater the volume of ejected blood will be during the resulting systolic contraction
What are the 7 types of respiratory patterns?
1-tachypnea 2-bradypnea 3-apnea 4-kussmal 5-biots 6-Cheyenne stokes 7- atonal
What is a ectopic beat?
A beat originating from a source of cardiac stimulus other than the SA node, usually caused by some irritation of the myocardium
What is Escape Beat
An automatic beat that occurs after a interval longer than the dominant cycle.
What are analgesics? Examples
Relive pain
Narcotics: fentanyl. Demerol, darvon, o you
Non Narcotics/ Asa, Tylenol, ibu, buscopan
Mixed: t3, Percocet
What hep is most common in Asia and Africa?
D
Nitro patches, analgesics, nicotine patches go in what site?
Transdermal j
What is the other name for malignant/ hypertensive crisis?
Complicated hypertension
What seizure is characterized by a sudden onset of loss of coordination and consciousness? Typically last 3-5 mins
Tonic clinic (grand mal)
What is a automatic beat
A impulse arising in a automatic focus, independent of the dominant RYTHM.
What is the most common cause of trauma during pregnancy?
MVC’s
What is the fastest med route?
Inhalation (NEB or MDI)
What are the 3 primary determinants of BP?
1-blood volume
2-cardiac output
3-peripheral resistance
What is idioventricular rhythm?
Relativel slow rhythm that originates from and controls the ventricles.
How many mL can be admin in deltoid muscle?
3ML
First stage of labour
Begins with first true contraction and ends with full dilation of the cervix
Docusate, sennokot examples of what?
Laxatives and stool softeners
3 major functions of muscles in the body
1-motion
2-stabalize
3-thermogenesis
6 rules of splinting
1-if no cms, have ONE attempt to realign to anatomical position
2-if intact cms, splint in posistion found
3-remove all constrictive clothing and material around injured site
4-immobilize joint above and below
5-pad splint
6-joints are splinting in posistion found unless….
*extreme distal cyanosis
*extremiyy lacks distal perfusion
*NO REDUCING DISLOCATIONS
What is dysuria?
Pain with urination
Difference between extrinsic and intrinsic?
E:
- pollen pollution
- dust
- fires
- animals
I:
- exercise
- emotions
What is the gtt/min equation?
Volume x ggt/ml
——————
Time
7 functions of the liver
My Little Pony Does Eighty Boys Passionately is 1-Maintanece of blood glucose levels 2-lipid metabolism 3-protein metabolism 4-detoxify of drugs and hormones 5-excretion of bilirubin 6-bile production 7-phagocytosis
______ solutions move quickly across cell membranes
Crystalloid
Key factor separating MI from angina?
Tissue death
Atrovent and atropine are examples of what?
Anti cholinergic
Difference between bronchitis and Emphysema?
Bronchitis:
- productive cough
- produces mucous (yellow and thick)
Emp
- destruction of alveoli
- non productive cough
- frequent lung infections
at is abruptio placenta?
Premature detachment of a normal situated placenta
Severe pain and dark vaginal bleeding
Gastroenteritis causes (same as peptic ulcers)
1-virus’s/ bacteria
2-increased gastric secreations
3-decreased mucosal barrier
When is apgar done?
1 and 5 min post delivery
What is characterized by a fever, respiratory symptoms such as cough and SOB and possiblyare throats, headache, diarrhea and myalgia
SARS (severe acute resp syndrome)
What is the TKVO rate?
Approx 150 ml/hr
hemophilia is xlinked to which gender?
Males
What form of hypertension is easily identifiable?
Secondary
4 M’s
Multiple passengers
Maturity
Medication
Meconium
What are the 3 pacemakers rate?
SA: 60-100
AV: 40-60
Perjinkie: 20-40
What ecg changes will you notice with the following?
Ischemia
Injury
Infarction
Ischemia: st depression/tall t waves
Injury: ST elevation
Infarction: normal st with pathological q waves and irregular qrs/t waves
3 major functions of the kidney?
1-regulation of blood volume and composition
2-regulation of blood pH
3-regulation of BP
What is pre eclampsia?
Abnormal state during pregnancy with hypertension and fluid retention
4 potential complications for neonates
1-Resp depression
2-cardiovascular system compromise
3-thermo reg
4-meconium aspiration
What are the 4 characteristics special to cardiac cells?
1-automaticity
2-excitability
3-conductivity
4-contractility
2 types of strokes?
(1) occlusive
2) hemorrhagic
What hep is fecal oral?
A
Second stage of labour
Begins with full dilation of the crevices and needs with the delivery of the baby
The longer the catheter the ______ the flow rate
Slower
What is Guillian Barre Syndrome?
Progressive muscle shutdown
Hyperglycaemia is blood sugar above?
11
What is coupling?
The relationship of a premature beat and the preceding beat
All ECG reads ____ to _____
Negative to positive
You should place a pregnant pt on their ____ side after trauma to take pressure of the ______?
Left
Inferior vena cava
What is paroxysmal?
Recurring suddenly and abruptly
S/S of L-CHF vs R-CHF
L-CHF
- pink frothy sputum
- pulmonary Edema
- dyspnea
R-CHF
- pedal edema
- Sacral edema
- JVD
What ml can be admin gluteus or quadriceps muscles?
5mL
What disorder is caused by a congenital defect or lesion?
Cerebral palsy
What is Huntington’s Disease
-disruption of muscle coordination
What 3 P’s are involved with DKA?
Polyphagia
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Small pouches become obstructed then infected?
Diverticulitis
Pulmicort, Ventolin, theophylline examples of what?
Bronchodilators
What are the 3 causes of ABD pain?
1-mechanical (distension, pulling)
2- Inflammatory (swelling)
3-Ischemic (obstruction of blood flow)
What headache is generalized caused by contraction of the muscles of the scalp and neck?
Tension
What is a agonist?
Chemical substance capable of combing with a receptor on a cell and initiating a reaction or activity
What are common colloids solutions?
- Blood derivatives
- artificial colloids
Amphetamines prodcuce ___ and ___ stimulation
CNS and PNS
What is a antagonist?
Opposition between two or more medications
What organ is typically protected during blunt mechanisms?
Stomach
Their stage of labour
Begins at the end of the delivery of the baby and ends at delivery of the placenta
What are the severities of A and B hemophilia?
Severe: spontaneous bleeding
Moderate: bleeding after trauma
Mild: bleeding after severe trauma or surgery
What is the fever or progenic reaction to iv?
100-105 degress F
