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PCP-1902 > Segment 1 > Flashcards

Segment 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Diff between somatic and visceral pain

A

Somatic: superficial, either sharp and well localized or dull/aching poorly locatlized accompanied by N/V

Visceral: Internal organs, abdomen or Skelton. Poorly localized use to lesser number of receptors. Often radiates away from site or is referred.

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2
Q

Describe the functions of Cardiac Cycle

A

Systole

  • contraction of ventricles (AV valves close)
  • Relaxation of atria

Diastole

  • Relaxation of ventricle (semilunar valve close)
  • Contraction of atria (atrial kick)

Pulse Pressure

  • the diff between systolic and diastolic pressure
  • norm about 40mmHg

Sounds

  • S1 (LUBB)
  • turbulance created by closing of the AV valves (mitral & tricuspid)
  • S2 (DUBB)
  • turbulence created by the closing o the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)
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3
Q

Somatic neurons innervate _____ muscle

A

Skeletal (S&S)

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4
Q

Describe the following P’s

A

Polyphasia: Split personality
Polydipsia: incre thirst
Polyphagia : incre hunger
Polyuria: incre urine output

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5
Q

In systemic circulation, it is beleived that ____ return to the heart ________ during inspiration through the combined effect of the fall in intrathoracic pressure and squeezing of the splanchnic veins by diaphragm descent

A

Venous, increases

*helps return blood in venous system to the heart
*

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6
Q

Diff between Visceral and Somatic Senses

A

Visceral:

  • generally wake are unaware of
  • control/reaction mechanisms to internal environment
  • BP, digestion, HR

Somatic

  • information and stimulus we receive from outside environment
  • pressure, heat, wind, body position
  • most reactions to these stimuli are processed in the spinal cord
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7
Q

What rate is urine filtered through the kidneys?

A

125ML/min

9-% reabsorebed

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8
Q

Emergency medical aid act

A
  • Good Samaritan

- protects if help outside of job hours

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9
Q

What are the 5 sub tissue types of Conn tissue?

A 
1-loose
2-dense
3-cartilage
4-bone
5-blood
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10
Q

Describe the 3 pigments of the skin

A

1) Melanin:
- varies from pale yellow to black
- seen most in muscous membrances, penis, nipples, aeriola, face, lips and iris
- amount is equal in all races
- accumulation of melanin results in skin pacthes (freckles, liver spots)
2) Carotene:
- yellowish orange pigment that gives carrots and egg yolks color
- precursors to vit A
3) Hemaglobin:
- pigment carriers oxygen in RBC’s
- COLOR varies in white ppl due to amount of blood moving through capillaries in the dermis
- affected by the composition of blood level

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11
Q

What are kussmaul respiration’s?

A

Abnormal pattern of breathing shown by deep, rapid, laboured resps

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12
Q

Describe pathophysiology

A

Functional changes brought on by disease, injury or aging

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13
Q

How are nerve impulse perpetuated?

A

By overcoming negative electro-chemical gradient

Na and K across cellular membrane to achieve action potential

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14
Q

What are the 3 neuron types?

A

1) Sensory:
- forms after EMT divisions of PNS
- conveys info from internal and external environments
- connects sensory reception in peripheral tissue with brain/spinal cord
* proprioceptors monitor joints and skeletal muscle mvmt
* Visceral receptions monitor digestion’s, resp, CV, urinal, repro, taste, pain and pressure

2) Motor:
- forms efferent and division, carriers info from CNS to other organs and tissues
* somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle
* visceral motor neurons innervate peripheral sites

3) Interneurons:
- found only in brain and spinal cord
- connect neurons and responsible for distributing sensory infor and coordinating motor activity

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15
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A
  • Acute Inflammation of the lun, alveolar spaces and interstitial tissue as a result of virus, bacteria, or fungi.
  • Symtpoms (chills, fever, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, cough, crackles, wheezing
  • Consider infection with TB in patients presenting with pneumonia like symptoms
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16
Q

What is “the ability of the nerve to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse?

A

Excitability

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17
Q

Describe Nervous tissue

A

-helps run all processes in the body by initiating and conduction action potentials throughout the body, mainting homeo and coordinating all body functions

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18
Q

What is the Bi carbonate buffer system?

A

CO2 + H2- == H2CO3 == Ht +HCO3

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19
Q

Negligence and Gross

A

Neg: not doing the task required or doing it incorrectly

Gross: causes potential harm to pt

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20
Q

Describe pathology

A

Branch of medicine dealing with the nature of disease

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21
Q

How much urine can a bladder hold?

A

700-800 mL

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22
Q

What is a determinate for Ph in the blood?

A

C02

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23
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

collapse of aveiolis

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24
Q

Diff between Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous system

A

Para:

  • Rest and Digest
  • maintains homeostasis
  • breaks down, absorbs and stores energy
  • connect to CNS through certain cranial nerves thro0ugh middle and sacral area of spinal cord
  • main regulator of heart, GI, digestive, glands and endocrine glands
  • neurotrasnmisttter- ACh

Symp

  • flight or flight
  • 4 E’s
  • exercise
  • excitement
  • emotion
  • emregency
  • times of high production and usage of ATP
  • connected to CNS through thoracic and upper lumbar area of spinal cord
  • neurotransmitter -EPI and NE
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25
Q

Are the openings directly after or before the aortic valve?

A

After

  • open during diastolic
  • closed during systolic
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26
Q

Where do pathogens originate from?

A

1-Humans
2-Animals
3-non living sources (ambulance equip)

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27
Q

3 components of medical control

A

1-online medical control: ME available phone to provide advice to EMS crew
2-ongoing medical audit: review of PCR
3-protocol review: checking up on EMS systems and structures

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28
Q

What are the responsibilities of the following chemicals?

A
  • Na(sodium): generates action potential. H20 balance 135-145mmol/L
  • K (potassium): generates action potential in 3.5-5 mmol/L
  • H (hydrogen): in water and most organic compounds, acids
  • O (oxygen): aerobic reaspiration, organic compounds
  • Ca (calcium): bone building, muscle contractions, blood clotting, horses 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
  • P (phosphorous): component of nuclei acid and ATP 2.6-4.2mg/dL
  • S(Sulpher): vitamins and minerals
  • Cl (chlorine) H20 balance 96-110mm/l
  • N (Nitrogen) proteins and nitric acid
  • C (carbon) organic compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA/RNA
  • Fe (iron): part of hemoglobin
  • Mg (magnesium) cardiac contraction, nerve message, 1.3-2.1mEq/L
  • OH (hydroxide): bases
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29
Q

What is the minimum systolic BP needed to maintain cerebral perfusion?

A

60 mmHg

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30
Q

How are clots removed from cardio system? 2 ways

A

1) Fibrinolytic System (inside body)
—>once vessel wall repaired clotting cascade no longer stimulated and plasminogen in platelets dissolves clot.

2) natural Inhibitors/anticoagulants (other sources)
—>neutralize one of the 12 clotting factors
—>usually from medical intervention (heparin, warfarin)

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31
Q

Does epithelial tissue adhere to connective tissue?

A

Yes

  • holds epithelium in place and prevents it from being torn.
  • Basement Layer
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32
Q

Describe Cardiac musc tissue

A
  • INvoluntary
  • run without us thinking about it
  • Automaticity
  • gap junctions allow slow passage of Na and K until thresholds are reached and cause contraction
  • elasticity
  • striated
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33
Q

Name all 12 cranial nerves

A

1) CN 1: Olfactory (Oooo ) SOME
2) CN 2: Optic (Ooo ) SAY
3) CN 3: Oculomotor (Ooo) Mary
4) CN 4: Tronchlear (To) MONEY
5) CN 5: Trigmeinal (touch) BUT
6) CN 6: Abducens (and) MY
7) CN 7: Facial (feel) BROTHER
8) CN 8: Acoustic (vestibular cochlear) (a)SAYS
9) CN 9: Clossopharengeal (girls) BIG
10) CN 10: Vagus (Vagina)BOOBS
11) CN 11: Spinal accessory (and)MATTOR
12) CN. 12: Hypoglossal (hymen)MORE

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34
Q

What type or solution effect movement across the cell membrane?

A

1-Isotonic: total number of particles and h20 on either side are equal
2- Hypertonic: high concentration of particles causing h2- to be pulled out of cell crenation
3-Hypotonic: lower concentration of particles outside the cell forcing cell to sweep and eventually lyse

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35
Q

What 3 elements are required for transfer of infection?

A

1-source of infectious material
2-mode of transferring material
3-Susceptible host
A

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36
Q

Describe the 2 areas that coronary circulation originates from

A

1: Right Coronary Artery
- supplies right side of heart
- 50-60% draw explained vy dual supply= rarely fails
- +80% supply the AV node and Bundle of His
- major supplier of both inferior and posterior portions of the heart

2: Left Coronary Artery
-supplies left side of heart
-splits twice
—>Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)
*”widow maker”
*ventricular septal region
*anterior portion of the heart/left ventricle
—>Left Circumflex Artery (LCX)
*lateral portion of left ventricle
*posterior portion of the heart (AKA posterior descending artery-PDA)

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37
Q

What is the SV when exercising?

A

70ML/beat is averaGE, BUT INCREASES TO 110-130ML/MIN

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38
Q

How many days in proliferation phase ?

A

6-13

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39
Q

What is the diff between para/sympathized in HR regualation?

A

Sympathetic tone or stimulation

  • increased HR, increased force of contraction, increased vascular tone
  • epi, norepi and by neural pathways

Para tone or stimulation

  • decreased HR, decrease force of contraction, relaxed muscular tone
  • histamine and neural pathways
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40
Q

Do ETC02 levels increase or decrease with hypoventilation?

A

Increases

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41
Q

Is breathing voluntary or involuntary?

A

Both

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42
Q

What are 3 steps involved in respiration?

A

1- Pulmonary ventilation
2- Gas exchange (ext resp)
3- Gas transport (internal resp)

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43
Q

What is the job of plasma?

A
  • Plasma (transportation)
  • created in bone marrow
  • largest part about 55% of blood
  • just over 90%water
  • Medium for all chemical transactions in the body to take place
  • suspends all cells/organs
  • contains all other products making up 45% left
  • Besides water, plasma also contains dissolved sals and minerals like calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium.
  • Miscrobe-fighting antibodies travel to the battlefields of disease by hitching a ride in the plasma
  • W/O plasma, the live giving blood cells would be left floundering w/o transportation.
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44
Q

In DKA do blood glucose levels fall or rise?

A

Rise

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45
Q

What 3 types of portions do Neurons consist of?

A

1-cell body: contains the nucleaous and other organelles
2-dendrites: tapering, highly branded and usually short.
3-axon: singly, thin process that may be very long. Output portions.

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46
Q

Describe Appendicular bones (126)

A
  • outside the central body
  • shoulder girdle
  • pelvic girdle
  • upper extrem
  • lower extrem
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47
Q

Med term for active labour and crowning?

A

Parturition

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48
Q

What is a chemoreceptors?

A

A sense organ (like a taste bud) responding to chemical stimuli.

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49
Q

Job of the Hypothalamus ?

A
  • relay for smell, taste, vision
  • major regulator of homeostasis
  • Sensors for….
  • osmotic pressure (thirst centre)
  • blood temp
  • glucose levels
  • hormone levels
  • helps regulate smooth and cardiac muscle
  • emotions controlled…
  • rage
  • aggression
  • sexual arousal/pleasure
  • Similar to animals
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50
Q

Contraindications of nasopharyngeal suctioning?

A
  • acute ashamticus
  • upper airway obstruction
  • bleeding tendencies
  • hemophilia
  • leukaemia
  • fractures in nasal
  • basal skull fracture
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51
Q

What does BSI include?

A
  • gloves
  • gown
  • eye protection or face shield
  • mask
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52
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

State of balance in the body between all biological processes

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53
Q

What antibody is responsible for hypersensitive reaction in anapyhlaxis?

A

IgE

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54
Q

What does CT calcitonin do?

A

Release natural bone breakdown and cause ca2+ in blood to be reaborsed by existing bone structures

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55
Q

What is epididymis?

A

Storage of maturation of spermatozoa

-convey sperm to ductus vas deferenes

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56
Q

What are the 4 blood types?

A

A: antigen A only
B: antigen B only
AB: antigen A and B (universal plasma donor)
O: neither antigen A or B

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57
Q

Percentage and range of SFM

A

40-60%

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58
Q

Describe the following

A

Neuroglia:

  • do not generate or conduct action potential
  • holds nervous tissue together
  • protect, feed and clean neurons

Schwann Cells:
-Assist in the Neurons of the PNS

Astrocytes:
-assist the neurons of the CNS

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59
Q

What is Relative Refractory Period?

A

A period in which second early de polar can occur if stimulated

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60
Q

What are the 2 kinds of equilibrium?

A

1-static
*refers to the posistion of the body, relative to the force of gravity
2-dynamic
*posisiton of body in response to sudden movements

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61
Q

What is, volume of gas remaining in lungs at the end of normal expiration?

A

Functional Residual Volume

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62
Q

What law states myocardial fibres will contract more forcefully when they are stretched due to a increase in the volume of blood filling the heart?

A

Starling’s Law

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63
Q

What is Standard of care?

A

How similarly qualified practioners would have manages the pts care under the same or similar circumstances

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64
Q

What 2 type of glands are in the mouth?

A

1-Submandibular

2-Subglingual

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65
Q

What is cardiac output, blood volume, PVR

A

CO

  • needs to be sufficient to maintain proper BP
  • Co= SV x HR

BV
-decreased BV means a decrease in BP

PVR (peripheral vascular resistance)
-contraction of peripheral blood vessels to increase BP and vice versa

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66
Q

Systolic, Diastolic and Pulse pressure measure what?

A

S: force exerted during ventricular contraction
D: force exerted during ventricular relaxation
PP: diff between systolic and diastolic (normally 40 mmHg)

  • adequate BP required to move things alone
  • when we measure BP we listen for Kortokoff sounds (S1/S2, LUBB DUB)
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67
Q

What are the 10 body systems?

A 
1- Integumentary
2-Skeletal
3-Muscular
4-Nervous
5-Endocrine
6-Circulatory
7-Respiratory
8-Digestive
9-Urinary
10-Reproductive
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68
Q

Name the following hypothalamic hormones.

  • CRH
  • ACTH
  • hGH
  • TRH
  • TSH
  • IGF:
  • FSH
  • LH:]
  • PRL
  • ADH
  • CT
  • EPO
  • ANP
A
  • CRH: Cortioctorphic Hormone
  • ACTH: Adrenal cortiocptrphic hormone)
  • hGH: Humane Growth hormone
  • TRH: Thryotopin stimulating hormone
  • TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone
  • IGF: Insulin growth factors
  • FSH: follicle stimulating hormone
  • LH: leutinizing hormone
  • PRL: prolactin
  • ADH: antidiuertic hormone
  • CT: calcitonin
  • EPO: erythropoietin
  • ANP: atrial natriuertic peptide
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69
Q

Diff between crude and fine sensation

A

Crude:
-ability to understand something is touching the skin but nots is shape/texture/or exact location

Fine:
-provides specific info about what exactly is touching the skin

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70
Q

Describe Chemoreceptors

A
  • carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect changes primarily in 02
  • also sense increase in c02 partial pressure and decreases the atrial pH, but to a lesser degree than for 02
  • as 02 levels decrease or c02 levels increase, HR adjusted to compensate.
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71
Q

How are diseases transferred?

A
  • Direct (kissing, sexual contact)
  • INdirect (door handles, aids)
  • Droplets (coughing, sneezing)
  • Airborne (TB, SARS)
  • Vehicle (salmonella via uncooked meat)
  • Vector (malaria spread through mosquitos)
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72
Q

What are contraindications of NPA?

A
  • nasal obstruction
  • prone to nose bleeds
  • nasal injury
  • facial fractures
  • skull fractures
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73
Q

Peds can become shockey at what level of blood?

A

100cc

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74
Q

As you go deeper into the myocardium there is a ________ in number of vessels supplying blood

A

Decrease

*occlusions higher up in the circulation can effect huge areas of the heart

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75
Q

What 3 parts is the GB dived into?

A

1-Fundus
2-Body
3-Neck

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76
Q

What percentage of blood actually circulates? Where is the rest stores?

A

60%
-liver, spleen, lympth, and interstitial
—> 40% kept just in case (blood reservoir)

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77
Q

Pancreas alpha and beta percentage

A

Alpha: 17% (glucagon)
Beta: 70% (insulin(

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78
Q

What percentage of CO2 attaches to RBC’s?

A

23%

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79
Q

True or false? Neurons go through Mitosis after birth?

A

false, they do NOT

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80
Q

What secrets progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum

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81
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Maintains a stat of balance within the organism, an important characteristic of all living things. (Ana and cano combined )

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82
Q

What are the targeted ETC02 levels for ICP and Herniation?

A

ICP: 35-40mmHg
Herniation: 30-35mmHg

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83
Q

What is the job of proteins?

A
  • important as help maintain hemolytic/hydrostatic balance

- albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

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84
Q

How much CSF in adults?q

A
  • approx 80-120ml

* created and absorbed at approx 20ml/hr so always a constant amount

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85
Q

Do ETC02 levels increase or decrease with hyperventilation?

A

Decrease

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86
Q

What other system is taste linked to?

A

Limbic (and hypothamlus)

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87
Q

What is Muscle Tissue?

A
  • provides motion, maintains posture, generates heat, generates force for contraction, movement of substances within the body
  • 3 diff types (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
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88
Q

What is the Dermis?

A
  • composed of connective tissue containing collagen, and elastic fibres which maintain strength, extensibility, and elasticity of the skin
  • blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair bollicles are embedded in the dermis
  • contains nerve endings that are sensitive to heat and cold
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89
Q

Purpose of the spinal cord?

A

-major highway for electrochemical messages
*efferent message transmission
—>from the brain
—>primary the cranial nerves
*Afferent
—>from the periphery
—>reflex loop here as well

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90
Q

What is the histology order of the esophagus?

A

1-Mucosa
2-Submucosa
3-Muscularis
4-Adventitia

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91
Q

What hormone is release in the heart?

A
  • ANP (atrial natriuertic Peptite)

- release of ANP results in reduction of blood volume and BP

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92
Q

At rest, what percentage of blood flow supplies the skeletal muscles?

A

15%

-blood is shunted to major organs

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93
Q

Muscularis of the bladder is also know as?

A

Detrusor muscle

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94
Q

The _____-_____ pump is a collection of skeletal muscles that aid in the heart in the circulation of blood

A

Skeletal-Muscle

  • important in increasing venous return to the heart, but may also play a role in arterial blood flow
  • during exercise, muscles contract and expand laterally
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95
Q

What is De/Re-poloraization?

A

Sudden fast change of the cell threshold has been reached allowing the inrush of Na and the slower change caused by outrush of K

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96
Q

What is the job of ductus deferens?

A

Storage

-civets sperm to ejaculatory duct

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97
Q

What are the 3 features of conn tissue?

A

1-cells
2-ground substance
3- fibres

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98
Q

What are the 2 types of surfaces in epi tissue?

A

(1) Apical: exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ, or the exterior of the body
(2) Basal: attached to the basement membrane

*Simple or stratified

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99
Q

What buffers acidic gastric juice?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

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100
Q

Describe Boyles Law

A

During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and is depressed, and the ribs are elevated causing the thoracic cavity size to increase. Pressure decreases and air rushes in via the mouth.

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101
Q

Normal pulse ox range?

A

95-100%

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102
Q

What tissue is most abundant in the body?

A

Connective

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103
Q

What is the oval window?

A

Membrane vibrates and try’s it’s the reading sound wastes in the fluid of the inner ear

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104
Q

Where does urine drain into?

A

Drains from collecting tables into papillary ducts, into a calyx, the renal pelvis then the ureter.

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105
Q

In what ways does a cell membrane allow materials in?

A

1-Osmosis: movement of h20 along a concentration gradient
2-Diffusion: movement of particles from high concentration to a lower concentration
3-Active Transport: use of energy (ATP) to transport substances across the membrane against the gradient
4-Filtration: movement of particles from one area to another selectively

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106
Q

What are the effects of Epi, NorEpi and Histamine on HR and BP?

A

Epi

  • a1, b2, b3 effects
  • boosts BP, HR (chronotropic)
  • PVR

NorEpi:

  • only a1
  • boosts BP without changing cardiac rate
  • PVR

Histamine

  • Mainly H1 and H2
  • drops out BP (drastically in anaphylaxis)
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107
Q

What are the 4 traits to remember with cardiac tissus?

A

1: Automaticity
- will run even without brain
2: Contractility
- starling
3: Conductivity
- pass on chemical-electrical stimulus easily
4: Excitability:
- very receptive to outside electrical stimulus

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108
Q

Diff between Autonomic and Somatic Nervous system

A

Autonomic

  • controls autonomic involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular secreation
  • each message is transferred at a synapse form the 1ns neuron the 2nd neuron then travels to muscle or glan
  • most drugs given will work on the gaps either election or increasing desired responses

Somatic:

  • controls skeletal muscles (voluntary)
  • each neuron fibre extremes all the way from spinal cord to skeletal muscle
  • consists of sensory neurons that convey info from cutaneous and special sense receptors primarily in head, body, wall and extremities to CNS, and motor neurons conduct impulse to skeletal muscle only
  • efferent neurons realsese ACh
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109
Q

What is emulsification?

A

Breakdown of large lipid globules into droplets that can be more easily digested by the pancreatic lipase and absorbed

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110
Q

Anything that produces olfactory sense but be what?

A

H20, lips soluble and emit a gas

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111
Q

What 3 tunics are veins made up of?

A

Same as arteries!!

1- Tunica interna (lining)
2-Tunica media (middle layer)
-sympathetic neurons of the ANS innervate day Vascular smooth muscle which allows for vasoconstriction or dilation
3-Tunica externa (covering)

  • low pressure system
  • brings blood back to heart
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112
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bones?

A 
1-Long: (femur)
2-Short (carpals, tarsal)
3-Flat (scapula)
4-Irregular (vertebra, facial)
5-Seasamoid (patella)
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113
Q

Is the pharynx voluntary or in?

A

Both!

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114
Q

What is the job of the labia Majora and minora?

A

Majora:

  • for margin of pudendal cleft
  • enclose and protect other external repro structures

Minora

  • forms margin of vistibule cleft
  • protects openings of vagina and rethera
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115
Q

What rate do you do CPR compressions at?

A

100-120/m

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116
Q

What is the job of WBC?

A
  • Protection
  • Neutrophils, basophils, eonsophils, lymphocytes, killer T cells, helper B cells
  • uncleared
  • clean and protect body
  • produced in red bone marrow
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117
Q

How many bones in the human body?

A

206 bones

  • 80 Axial
  • 126 Appendicular
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118
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Synthesis of lipids by cells from glucose or amino acids. It is stimulated by insulin. This occurs when more calories are consumed than is needed for ATP production.

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119
Q

Diff between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Aerobic: production of ATP in the presence of Oxygen, most efficient, 36/38 ATP, CO2 and H20 only byproducts

Anaerobic: production of ATP without oxygen, inefficient, 2 ATP, byproducts of tonics and acids

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120
Q

Describe the 4 chambers of the heart

A

2 Atria

  • Left and right
  • smaller, superior portion of the heart
  • fill passively
  • atrial kick= 25%

2 Ventricles
-left and right
-approx 2/3 of the heart
-left side 2-3 times size of heart
Left= high pressure (systemic circulation)
Right= low pressure (pulmonary circulation)

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121
Q

What are 2 confirmation techniques to ensure proper ET tube placement?

A

1-Auscultation

2- Monitoring ETC02 values

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122
Q

What are the 4 regions of the large intestine?

A

1-Cecum
2-Colon
3-Rectum
4-Anal Canal

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123
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A

1) Transportation
—>02, C02, waste, nutrients

2) Protection
—>clotting cascade

3) Regulation
—>ph reg, temperature, h20 balance

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124
Q

What are the 3 basic mechanisms of homeostasis in cardio system?

A

1) Vascular Spasm
—> arterial walls contract when damaged, contracting flow (try’s to squeeze to prevent clots)

2)Platlet Plug Formation
—>Platelets adhere to damaged vessel walls and start clot formation

3)Blood Clot Formation
—>Fibrin threats from catching more Platelets forming clot (positive feedback loop)

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125
Q

The Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus form what?

A

Renal corpuscle

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126
Q

What are 4 factors that influence 02 binding?

A

1- temp
2- ph
3- partial pressure of CO2
4- enzyme presence in glycolysis

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127
Q

The bigger the difference between the pressures, the ______ the air moves

A

Quicker

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128
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for memory, cognition, higher level thinking and personality?

A

Frontal

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129
Q

Describe iatrogenic

A

Caused by treatment/process of helping the pt

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130
Q

What are the 2 body cavities of the penis called?

A

1-corpus spongiosum

2-corpora cavernpsa

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131
Q

What 4 things must occur for sensation/impulse transmission of cranial nerves?

A

1-Stimulation of proper nerve receptor
2-transduction of stimulus
*stimulus most be strong enough to caus action potential
3-generation of nerve impulse
*movement of impulses from receptor to the other nerves
4-integration of sensory input
*processing of stimulus information by CNS

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132
Q

What is the most important cranial nerve?

A

Vagus

  • Vagal maneuvers
  • heart rate
  • blood pressure
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133
Q

What depth do you give compressions at?

A

Adult: 5 cm (2 inches)
Children: 1/3 depths of the chest, 5 cm (2 inches)
Infants: 1/3 depth of chest, 4 cm (1 1/2 inch)

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134
Q

What 3 parts are in the external ear?

A

1-pinnacle (auricle)
2-external auditory canal (meatus)
3-tympanic membrane (ear drum)

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135
Q

What cells are gastric pits made up of?

A

Mucus secreting cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells

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136
Q

What are the 5 levels of organization in the body?

A 
1- Chemicals
2- Cells
3-Tissues
4-Organs
5-Systems
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137
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock?

A
  • chemoreceptors sense changes in chemical levels and glucose levels
  • baroreceptors sense decrease in blood pressure
  • body attempts to compensate for decreased perfusion by SNS efforts combined with catecholamine release
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138
Q

What are 3 factors in stroke volume?

A

1-Preload (starlings law)
2-Contractibility
3- Afterload

*all affect SV either positively or negatively

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139
Q

Job of the Midbrain?

A

Connection between the diencephalon and spinal cord

  • pathway for signals to pass from the cerebrum to the spinal tract, medulla and pons
  • subconscious motor control is coordinated here along with the neurotransmitter Dopamine
  • Parkinsons disease is centred here
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140
Q

What are the 2 fibourius tunics of the eye

A

1-cornea (anterior chamber)

2-sclera (gives shape and protects inner parts)

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141
Q

What ph is bile? What is it composed of?

A

7.6-8.6

Acids, bile sals. CHL, lecithin, bile pigments

142
Q

Describe skeletal musc tissue

A

-long cylindrical, striated fibres with many peripherally located nuclea
-VOLUNTARY
-usually attached to bones by tendons
Creates motion, posture, heat production
-skeletal musc exert force on tendons, which pulls on bones

Origin: attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone
Insertion: attachment of the other tendon from the muscle to the moveable bone

143
Q

What is the purpose of Oxyhemoglobin Diss Curve?

A

A tool for understanding how blood carries and releases 02.

Simply: 02 can be released into tissues or absorbed from tissue into blood. The curve shows the ratio of the amount of 02 bound to the hemo vs the 02 carrying capacity of the hemoglobin.

144
Q

What is the job of seminal vesicle glands?

A
  • secret alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins
  • produce about 60% of seminal fluid
  • one of each ductus deferens
145
Q

What are 3 types of cells responsible for olfaction?

A

1-receptors (respond to chemical stimulant)
2-supporting (produce mucus for protection and medium for signal transmission)
3-basal stem cells (device/ reproduce to replace or burned out receptions)

146
Q

Is inspiration decrease or increase in throacic pressure?

147
Q

Describe smooth musc tissue

A
  • INvoluntary:
  • runs without use thinking but require brain inner actions
  • forms walls of hollow organs, airways to longs and blood vessels
  • non striated
  • tapering ends with a thick middle
148
Q

Another name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

149
Q

Define Tissue

A

Any group of similarity functioning cells that work together to achieve a specialized task
-almost always from embryonic stage of development

150
Q

How long does it take for vascular dilation to occur in inflammation?

151
Q

Job of the Thalamus

A
  • major sensory realy for body to brain
  • emotions, alertness, memory controlled here
  • learning and cognition
  • relay for visual message information from retinas
  • sensory integration of pain and arousal
152
Q

What is the other name for the GI system?

A

Alimentary

153
Q

What is the normal ETC02 levels for a healthy person?

A

35-45 mmHg

154
Q

Where are optical nerves slit under?

A

Circle of Willis in Optic Chaism

155
Q

What kind of bleed is subarachnoid?

156
Q

What is the equation for Cardiac Output (CO)? What is the equation for?

A

CO. = SV x HR
(ML/min) (ML/beat) (beats/min)

-The equation is for the amount of blood circulated per min (should be the entire blood volume)

157
Q

What are Chordae Tendinae?

A
  • attached to the AV valves to prevent back flow during ventricular contractions
  • none on semilunar valves
158
Q

Duty of ventricles in the brain

A

-4 internal cavities filled with CSF, lined by cells of epndyma

159
Q

Diff between Negative and Positive feedback loops?

A

Neg:

  • decrease in function in response to stimuli
  • most predominant in body(a factory hits quota for production so it stops production)

Positive:
-increase in function in response to stimulus (factory hits quota and doubles its effort to make more)

160
Q

What is the job of the adrenals

A
  • superior to the kidneys
  • produces steroids
  • cortisol, epi, nor epi
161
Q

Each hemoglobin has how many 02 molecules?

162
Q

What are the 2 kinds of membranes?

A

1-epithelial

2-serous

163
Q

Contraindications for King

A
  • intact gag relfex
  • upper airway burns
  • caustic substance injection
  • esophageal varies
164
Q

Where does the exchange of 02 and c02 happen?

A

Between the blood and aleveloi

165
Q

What 3 hormones are involved with the kidneys?

A

1- calcitrol
2-erythropoietin (EPO) (produce RBC)
3-Renin (response to low blood volume or BP)

166
Q

What are the 4 stages of Mitosis?

A

1- Prophase
2-Metaphase
3-Anaphase
4-Telophase

167
Q

What is Bartholins glands?

A

Secretes fluids that moistens and lubricants vestibule and vaginal opening during intercourse

168
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Last thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae

169
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support
  • protect
  • assist in movement
  • blood cell production
  • mineral/tri glycerine storage
170
Q

All _______ blood eventually dumps into the coronary Sinus

A

Venous

*drains directly into right atrium

171
Q

How much D50W would you give a Hypoglycemia head injured patient/

172
Q

When must BSI be used?

A

When there is contact w/

  • blood
  • =any body fluid
  • non intact skin
  • muscous membrane
173
Q

2 ways to measure ETC02

A

1-colometer

2-capnography

174
Q

What is hepatic circulation?

A

Blood that goes through the liver and the spleen

  • filtered and cleaned every time it goes through
  • filters approx 1L/min
  • produces and stores many hormones, enzymes, RBC
  • metabolized majority of major substances in the body as well as medicines
175
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

*has large passages called sinusoids for blood to pass through rather than capillaries

176
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A
  • organ for hearing
  • hair like receptors
  • Ossicles vibrate to remind and amplify the sound and transmit them to the perilymph within the middle ear.
  • sound waves moves through the fluids of the cochlea
177
Q

Sign vs Symptom

A

Sign-objective finding (something you can see)

Symptom: subjective finding (what the pt feels)

178
Q

Describe the 3 Meninges of the brain

A

1) Pia matter:
- inner most layer
- 3rd layer bound to underlying neural tissue
- blood vessels supplying brain and spinal cord run through subarachnoid space feeding very high metabolic rate of brain
2) Arachnoid Matter:
- middle layer
- subarachnoid later is web of collagen and elastic fibres filled with CSF
- important, there is NO RBC in the CSF
3) Dura Matter:
- outer most layer
- tough fibrous covering on out layer of CNS
- epidural bleeds(fast bleeds)
- Subdural bleeds (slow bleeds)

179
Q

How does the smooth muscle eject bile from the GB?

A

Ejects bile through the cystic duct into the common bile duct and then to the duodenum.

180
Q

True or false? When the rib cage returns it outs original position and the diaphragm realaxes, the volume of thoracic cavity decreases.

181
Q

What is a Action Potential?

A

The change in electrochemical charge asscatied with passage along a membrane in a muscle or neural cell

182
Q

Describe Axial bones (80)

A
  • centrally located bones
  • skull
  • spinal colum
  • thoracic cage
  • joints
183
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the inner ear (labyrinth)

A

1-vestibule (contains receptors for equilibrium)
2-semicircular canals
3-cochlea (receptors for hearing)

184
Q

After actional potential is reaches, signal then reaches the nerve end and is called _____

185
Q

What are the 3 major functions of CSF?

A

1) Mechanical protection
- shock absorber
2) Chemical protection
* hugh buffer, if it gets too far out of normal ranges causes major brain malfunctions
3) Circulation
- circulates nutrients and remove waster to loose

*has all same properties as blood except does not have RBC/hemoglobin

186
Q

What is the def of a Pulse?

A

Alternate expansion and recoil of elastic arteries after each systole of the left ventricle create a travelling pressure wave

187
Q

What 3 tunics are arteries made up of?

A

1- Tunica interna (lining)
2-Tunica media (middle layer)
-sympathetic neurons of the ANS innervate day Vascular smooth muscle which allows for vasoconstriction or dilation
3-Tunica externa (covering)

188
Q

Describe (Frank) Sterling’s Law

A

-As preload (into atria) is increased, volume in the ventricles will increase.
-As volume in the ventricles increase, cardiac muscle stretch increase.
-more stretch = more contraction strength
-will continue until preload is decreased (HR increases, Blood volume decreases)
-Thick elastic bands
*harder you pull it, harder it contracts back
-same principle works for hot heart, the more that is filled into the ventricles
—>ventricles fill passively until about 75% atria give extra push to fill ventricles with the last 25%
*during times of stress both rate and force of contractions are increased which also increases filling of the heart as well as out put pressure (AKA end-diastolic volume)
*works to a point then rate is too fast then filling time is too short.

189
Q

What is, of 500cc tidal volume, only about 350 cc reach alveoli while about 150 cc remains as dead air space in the lungs?

A

Dead space volume

190
Q

What are the 3 basic parts to a cell?

A

1-Cellular Membrance
2-Cytoplasm and Organelles
3- Nucleus

191
Q

Diff between Mitosis and Meiosis

A 
Mitosis:
_somatic cell decisions
-cells divide into 2 identical daughter cells
-23 pairs of chromosomes
-4 stages of mitosis

Meiosis:

  • reproductive cell decision
  • allows for other half of 23 chromosones
  • haploid
  • 23 pair determin sex
192
Q

What are the 3 basic principle functions of the nervous system?

A

1) sensory: senses certain changes within the body and outside environment
2) integrative: interprets the changes and decisions on a response
3) motor: initiates action in form of muscular contraction or glandular secretions

193
Q

What are some functions of the Epi tissue?

A
  • protection
  • filtration
  • lubrication
  • segregation
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • transportation
  • excretion
194
Q

Consent

A

Actual:pt asks you to help them

informed: consents to tx

Implied: if unconcious, would normally accept consent

195
Q

What are the inner and outer layers of the heart called?

A

Inner: Visceral pericardium
Outer: Parietal Pericardium

196
Q

What is the diff between Relative and Absolute Hypovolemia?

A

Relative:

  • container problem
  • Septic
  • Neuro
  • Ana
  • Psych

Absolute:

  • Volume problem
  • Hypovolemic
  • Metabolivv
197
Q

True or false,

Interneurons are only found in the brain and spinal cord?

198
Q

Contraindications of LMA

A
  • intact gag reflex
  • upper airway Burn
  • caustic substance ingestion
  • esophageal varies
  • wrong size
199
Q

Nucleus’s tractus solitarius does what?

A
  • in the medulla oblongata
  • recognizes changes in the firing rate of action potentials from the barorecotpors
  • influences cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) through changes in the ANS
200
Q

Define the following…

A

(1) Organic: contains carbon, generally covalent bonds
(2) Inorganice: no carbon, generally ionic/polar bonds
(3) Solution: combination of one substance (solute) dissolved into another (solvent)
(4) Solvent: something that has something else dissolved in it.
(5) Solute: substance dissolved in a solution
(6) Suspension: when substance is mixed with another medium and suspended for a time
(7) Exothermic reaction: releases more heat than absorbs
(8) Endothermic reactions : absorbs more energy than releases
(9) Catalyst: compound that speeds up a reaction by lowering activation energy required, but does not become part of the product

201
Q

What is the average circulation blood volume for adult males and females?

A

Male:5-7L

Female:4-6L

202
Q

Describe functions of the 4 lobes

A

1) Frontal:
* emotions, personality
- higher thought, problem solving
2) Temporal:
- organize sensory input
- mid/long term memory
3) Parietal:
- sensations and perception integration (spatial)
4) Occipital
- primarily visual integration
- coordinates spatial movement response

203
Q

Radial, brachia, carotid avg systolic BP are what?

A

Radial: 80
Brachial: 70
Carotid: 60

204
Q

Define the following features in Epi tissue

A

Simple Squamous:

  • lines blood vessels
  • permits base exchange of nutrients/wastes/gases
  • outer layer or skin, mouth, vagina
  • protects against abrasion, drying, infection

Simple Cuboidal:

  • lines kidneys tables and glands
  • secrets/absorbs h20 and small molecules

Stratified Cuboidal:

  • lines ducts of sweat glands
  • secretes h20 and salt

Simple Columnar:

  • lines most digestive organs
  • secretes and reabsorbs h2-0 and small molecules
  • lines

Stratified Columnar:

  • lines epididymus, mammary glands, larynx,
  • secretaries mucuous
205
Q

What do the taenia colgi gather into colon pouches called?

206
Q

What does BIAD mean?

A

Blind Insertion Airway Device

207
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons called?

A

1-cortical

2-juxtamedullary

208
Q

What nervous systems are bronchioles controlled under?

209
Q

Is deoxy blood more acidic or acid ?

A

Acidic (more of a right shift)

210
Q

Describe ethology

A

The study of the causes of disease

211
Q

What opens and alllows pressure to equalize on the 2 sides of the TM?

A

Eustachen tubes

212
Q

Medical professions act

A

Scope of practice

213
Q

What is the job of RBC’s?

A

-responsible for 02/CO2 transportation was well as waste/nutrients
—> hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin)
—> carbon monoxide affinity
-live for about 120 days
-iron based
-no nucleus
-created in bone marrow

214
Q

What is a mechanoreceptor?

A

A neural end organ that responds to a mechanical stimulus (like a change in pressure)

215
Q

What are 2 ways to classify a joint?

A

1-Function

  • syathrosis joint: immovable
  • amphiarthrosis joint: slightly moveable
  • diarthorsis joint: freely movable joint

2-Structural

  • fibrous joint: n o cynovial cavity, bones held together by connective tiss
  • cartilaginous joint:Bones held together by cartilage
  • synovial joint: bones are united by a surrounding articulate capsule
216
Q

What are the 3 vascular tunics or the eye?

A

1-iris )regulates amount of light entering)
2-ciliary body (secretes aqueous humour)
3-choroid (produces nutrients for the retina)

217
Q

If pt is under 1, how many back slaps and chest thrusts do you do?

A

5:5 until effective or unresponsive

218
Q

Visceral motor neurons innervate _____ sites

A

Peripheral

*cardiac, smooth, glands

219
Q

In the stomach, what is realesaed to begin digesting of proteins into peptide fragments?

220
Q

When exercising, how much diastolic is considered signs of coronary heart disease?

221
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine?

A

Absorb nutrients through the microvilli.

222
Q

What 2 areas of the brain controll resps?

A

1-Medulla

2-Pons

223
Q

What are the 4-5 distinct laters of cells of the epidermis?

A

(1) Stratum basalt: single layer of cells, capable of continued cell division, deepest later, contains Merkel cell
(2) Stratum Spinosum: contains 8-10 layers of cels
(3) Stratum Granulosum: contains 3-5 layers of cells, first layer to develop Keratin
(4) Stratum Lucindum: consists of 3-5 layers of Dead cells
(5) stratum corneum: consists of 25-30 layers of dead cells, continually shed, initial barrier against light/heat/bacteria

224
Q

What is the Reflex Arc/loop?

A
  • part of the autonomic response
  • reflex loops has lower threshold and is activated easier
  • generally right before junction to spinal cord
  • does not involve high brain function as the message to/from the brain would take too long especially to prevent damage
225
Q

HGH stimulates a release of …..

A

Insulin Growth Factors (IGF)

226
Q

What are the 4 stages of hypovolemic shock and the percentages?

A

1:
*Mild
*-15%
*min vital sign changes
2:
*Moderate
*20-25%
*pulse and resp increase, thirst and pallor
3:
*30-35%
*Severe
*compensatory mechanisms failing, all signs of shock possible
4:
*+40%
*catastrophic
*no palpable blood loss
*unconciious
*usually irreversible

227
Q

Where are RBC’s produced?

A

Bone marrow

228
Q

How much air does the avg adult inhale?

A

500-800 CC

229
Q

How much blood would be lost in the abd cavity before you would see signs of distention?

230
Q

What other vein carries o2 rich blood? Describe the pathway of the blood.

A

Umbilicus

  • About half enters the fetal ductus venous and is carried to the inferior vena cava, and the other half enters the liver proper from the inferior borer of the liver
  • Then the blood moves to the right atrium of the heart
  • In the fetus there is a opening between the right and left atrium (Forman o vale) and most of the blood flows through this hole into the left atrium from the right atrium (b/c not breathing in the womb like a fish!)
  • Then it is pumped to the left ventricle to the aorta and rest of body
  • C02 are expelled from the fetus the internal iliac Arteries and umbilical arteries.
  • The ductus arteriosus directs most blood away from the lungs.
231
Q

What 2 ducts do secreations from the exocrine cells pass through?

A

1-Pancreatic

2-Accessory

232
Q

Percentage and range of NC

A

24-45%

1-6L/min

233
Q

What is status asthmaticus?

A

Asthma attacks which follow one another without pause

234
Q

Which part of the small intestine does the most nutrient absorption occur?

235
Q

What is the job of the hypothamlus?

A
  • controls pituitary gland
  • receives messages from brain especially from limbic system
  • CRH triggers adrenal glands growth, thyrotropin releasing hormone and 6 others
236
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue? Describe them

A

(1) Epithelial: covers bodies organs, cavities, ducts and glands
(2) Connective: protects and supports body/organs, stores energy, immune function:
(3) Muscle-movement
(4) Nervous: detects and respond to environmental changes

237
Q

What 4 accessory types of cells does the Epidermis contain?

A

(1) Kertinocytes
- produce protein called Keratin
- assist in waterproofing the skin
- protects underlying tissue from light/heat
(2) Melanocytes:
- produces the pigment melanin
- contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light
(3) Langerhans Cells:
- arise from bone marrow and migrate to skin surface
- interact with helper T cells in the immune response
(4) Merkel Cells:
- make contact with the flattened portion of a sensory Neuron to function in the sensation of touch

238
Q

What are brush border enzymes?

A

Aid in breakdown of carbohydrates

239
Q

Describe pain sensation

A
  • pain receptors are called nociceptors
  • basically naked nerve endings found in practically every tissue in the body
  • many in superficial skin, joints, and blood vessels, few in deep tissue or visceral organs
  • 2 types of axons carry painful sensations:
  • myelinated: carry very localized sensation of fast and prickly type of pain (injection or deep cut)
  • unmylenated: slow and carry generalized burning or aching pain
240
Q

Describe referred and phantom limb pain

A

Referred: pain from visceral organs are often percieved as originating in superficial regions, innervate by same spinal nerves

Phantom: pain a pt feels in a amputated part after complete healing has occurred. If neuronal pathway is stimulated along the pathway, action potentials are sent to cortex.

241
Q

Viral vs Bacterial Infection

A

Viral:

  • only multiple when living in host cell
  • cannot grow in food, water or medications
  • uses host cells to replicate new viral material
  • NOT affected by antibiotics

Bacteria:

  • reproduce independently but require food supply and supportive environment
  • harm hosts by releasing endotoxins/exotoxins damaging tissue as bacteria feed and multiply
  • can be treated with anitobiotics
242
Q

What is Catabolism and Anabolism?

A

(1) cat: complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds. The breakdown of nutrients in food yields simple chemical building blocks and energy to power cells
* ATP is energy created in cato
(2) Ana: simple compounds are used to manufacture materials needed for growth, function and repair of tissues. Anabolism is the building phase of metabolism

243
Q

Describe idiopathic

A

Unknown cause

244
Q

How is the renal pyramid formed? Together, what do they form?

A

Renal context surrounds the renal medulla

*parenchyma

245
Q

What is your alarm reaction?

A

“Flight or fight”

  • purpose is to achieve top physical preparedness to cope w/ the event whether good or bad
  • catecholmine releaes
246
Q

What is TB and more?

A
  • Trans occurs when droplets are expelled from a patient and inhaled by a host
  • Symptoms (persistent cough, fever, malaise, weight loss, blood sputum, cough)
  • Prevention: N95 or HEPA filter mask, mask on patient too
247
Q

What area of the brain has apneaustic and pneumotaxic centres?

248
Q

Where do ureters enter the bladder? How long are they?

A

Trigone

25-30 cm

249
Q

What is HIV? How is it transmitted?

A
  • Virus that attacks the cells of the immune system
  • may not see symptoms for years
  • Trasnmitted via contact with blood, semen, vaginal segregation’s, great milk
250
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver and skeletal muscles

251
Q

Describe material found in Cytoplasm and Organelles.

A
  • Cytoplasm: solute/stuffing of the cell
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: folds of material that synthesize protein
  • Smooth: lipid and steroid production and storage as well as drug detox
  • Rough: ribosomes on outside and protein synthesis and transport
  • Ribosomes: transport the products of the endoplasmic retic
  • Golgi Apparatus: transport apparatus for produced proteins out of the cell and other organelles
  • Mitochondria: prodcuce ATP via cellular respiration, contains own DNA
  • Lysosomes:break down matter from outside cell and return nutrients to cytoplasm (cleans up the cell)
  • Nucleus:Control center for the cell, contains DNA
  • Centrioles: forms mitosis spindles during cell division
252
Q

What are the 2 types of hypovolemic shock?

A

Internal, External

  • loss of blood from internal or external bleeding
  • inadequate circulating blood
  • usually traumatic in nature
253
Q

What are the 2 sphincters in the GI tract?

A

1-Cardiac

2-Pyloric

254
Q

What is the difference between Acid, Base and Salt?

A
  • Acid:
  • when dissociate produces hydrogen ion, proton donator
  • ph +7
  • Base:
  • when dissociate produces hydroxide ions, proton accepter
  • Salt:
  • dissociate to produce ions others than H or OH
255
Q

What horses regulate water and solute reabsroption?

A
  • angiotensin 2
  • aldosterone
  • antidurectic hormon
  • atrial natriuertic peptide
256
Q

How many days in secretory phase of mensise?

257
Q

What are the chemicals found in a body?

A 
96%= hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen
4%= Calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, soulful, chlorine, magnesium
258
Q

A build up of C02 causes what?

259
Q

What are the 3 major gases of respiration?

A

1-oxygen
2-carbon
3-hyrdrogen

260
Q

Does SV/HR,BP and Blood Volume increase or decrease at rest from exercise?

A

SV:Increases (increased plasma and blood levels, slower HR relate equals longer filling times)
HR: decreases
BP: decreases
BV: increases

261
Q

What are some factors affecting resps?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • chemical regulation
  • movement
  • BP
  • Temp
262
Q

Catecholine rsponse from the sympathetic and para systems are what?

A
  • physical
  • emotional
  • environment
  • metabolic
263
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the heart

A

1: Endocardium
- inner most layer
- continuous lining from inside of heart, throughout the entire vascular network (endothelial lining)
2: Myocardium
- middle, thickest portion of heart, striated
- responsible for contraction of the heart
- has automaticity (covered layer)
3: Epicardium
- outermost layer connected to the heart
- AKA visceral lining of pericardial lining
- thin

264
Q

What ways can microorganisms enter the body?

A
  • breaks in skin
  • muscous membrane of resp tract
  • placental barrier
  • IV or IM into blood circulation
265
Q

What are some pathiophysiology factors?

A
  • age
  • health/lifestyle
  • exposure/ environment
  • genetic predisposition
  • gender
266
Q

Job of the thyroid?

A
  • inferior to larynx
  • t3 and t4 affect BMR (basic metabolic rate)
  • produces calcitonin
  • only gland to produce and store its own hormones in large quantities
  • hormones in here increase BMS, stimulate NA pump production, glucose and fatty code use in ATP, enhance sympathetic hormone response.
  • controlled by throptopin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and TSH from pituitary
267
Q

What are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue?

A

1- skeletal( voluntary and involuntary)
2- cardiac (striated, INvoluntary)
3-Smooth (INvoluntary)

268
Q

What is the regular PH level?

A

7.35-7.45 pH

269
Q

What valve of the heart has 2 flaps, versus the others with 3?

A

Bicuspid (mitral)

270
Q

What happens to the fetus after birth?

A
  • PRessue in left atrium increases which leads to Forman ovale closing and then called fossa ovals
  • Then the ductus arteriosus closes because there’s a increase in o2 which leads to decrease in prostaglandins
  • The closures prevent blood from bypassing pulmonary circulation so neonate can circulate on its own.
271
Q

Mental health act

A

1-mental disorder
2-danger to self or others
3-no alternative

272
Q

How many ML/ min vof blood is filtered by the kidneys?

A

90-120ml/min

273
Q

What is the renal hills?

A

Where the ureter leaves the kidney as do blood vessels, lympth vessels and nerves

274
Q

Describe Chronotropic, Dromotropic, Inotropic

A

Chron: Sets its own rate via leaky pumps that cause predictable shifts in K+and Na+ to set off contraction (RATE)

Drom: ability to conduct electrical stimulus (electrical)

Ino: Force of contraction (strength)

275
Q

What are the 2 main receptors of the eye?

A

1-rods (back and white)

2-cones (green, red, blue)

276
Q

What are the 3 GAS stages? What are they?

A

1-Alarm
*initial cause for fight or flight response
*adrenaline release
*parasymp response
2-Resistance/adaptations
*prolonged exposure to stress with no lapse
*body continually suppresses para system and body is more open to illness
3-Exhaustion
*body reserves fail
*no adrenal response left and body’s defense are exhausted and physical, emotional and psychological responses are all depressed

277
Q

Diff between Visceral and Parietal layers

A

Vis: layer that covers and attaches to organs within the cavity
Par: Layer attached to the way of the cavity

278
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

1-Cardia (top)
2-Fundus
3-Body
4-Pylorus (bottom)

279
Q

If ventilation’s are low…..c02 levels are???

280
Q

Job of the Pons?

A

Connection between diencephalon and spinal cord

  • acts as a bridge for signal transmission in the brain and from the spinal cord
  • pneumotaxic area and apneustic area here as well
  • control amount of air inhaled by lungs and when to breath
281
Q

Difference between Intracellular fluid and Extracellular Fluid?

A

Intra: fluid is contained within the cell
Extra: fluid is outside the cell and aids in the transport of materials to the cell and across the cell membrane

282
Q

How many days it are in the menstrual phase?

A

5 days of circle

283
Q

Who joint has a synovial cavity?

A

Synovial Joint!

-fibrous and cartilaginous joints do not

284
Q

How long do cells of the tongue last for?

285
Q

Name the Skin and Hair parasites and what they entail

A

(1) Lice:
- parasitic infection of skin of the truck, scalp, or pubic regions. Small white round eggs attached to hair shafts,
- severe itching occurs as lice attach to skin to feed
- trans through close contact (daycare, combs)
(2) Scabies:
- skin disease with intense itching due to infestation of a mite. Female mite burrow under epidermis, laying eggs along the way. Itchy comes from sensitization from the mite and her feces
- trans through close contact
(3) MRSA (methicilin-resistant staphylococcus Aures)
- superbug that initially presents with skin infection, rash, fever, chills. Joint pain, headaches
- trans through direct or indirect contact
- tx w/ antibiotics

286
Q

What organ is the most efficient at removing harmful pH levels?

A

Kidneys

-but can take days to work

287
Q

What happens during bone growth?

A
  • during childhood bones throughout the body enlarge by Appositional Growth and long bones lengthen by addition of bone material at the epiphyseal plate. Growth in length of bones normally ceases by age 25
  • the plate allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length
  • also shapes to articulate surfaces
  • cartilage cells are produced by the epiphyseal side of the plate, then destroyed and replaced by bone on diaphyseal side
  • eventually cartilage cells stop dividing and bone replaces the cartilage. This bone is called the epiphyseal line
288
Q

Purpose of the meninges?

A
  • continuous covering of brain and spinal cord through formaen magna of skull
  • very rigid and does not expand much at all
  • covers all the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord down to the cauda equina of the spinal cord (approx L1-L4)
289
Q

What are the 3 Is in lack of oxygen?

A

1-Ischemia (rev)
2-Injury (rev)
3-Infarction (irev)

290
Q

What is the vestibule in fem system?

A

Cleft between labia minora that includes vaginal and urethral openings

291
Q

Transportation of 02 in the blood, is affected by what 4 things?

A

1- number of RBCs
2-Temp
3-pH
4-CO2

292
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Wall of Bowman’s capsule is indented- forms double wal chamber occupied by a net of capillaries known as the glomerulus

293
Q

How does the cardio system maintain homeostasis?

A

-2 parts
—>Blood
—>Lymph and interstitial fluids.
-depends on the controlled movement of blood through the capillaries that permeates every tissue
-microscopic capillaries that blood performs its transport function
-nutrients and other things pass from capillary blood into fluids surrounding the cells as waste is removed.

294
Q

Does C02 cause constriction or dilation of vessels

A

Vasodilation

295
Q

Where are the 5 olfactory senses on the tongue?

A 
1- sweet (tip of tongue)
2-sour (near sides of tongue)
3-bitter (furthest back of tongue)
4-salty (front sides of tongue)
5-umani (meaty/savoury)
296
Q

Describe Baroreceptors

A
  • respond to changes in pressure (usually within heart and main arteries)
  • found in carotid sinus, aortic arch, atrial walls of the heart,and vena cava
  • type of mechanoreceptor that detects the pressure of blood flowing through them, and can send messages to central nervous system to increase or decrease total peripheral resistance and cardiac output
  • they act immediately as part of a negative feedback system call “baroreflex, as soon as there is a change form the usual BP)
  • they are a example of a short term blood pressure regulation mechanism
  • detect amount of stretch of the blood vessels walls and send signal to nervous system in response to the stretch
  • the nucleus tractus solitaries in the medulla recognizes changes in the firing rate of action potentials from the baroreceprotrs and influences cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance through changes in the ANS
297
Q

Describe the 4 regions of the brain

A

1) Brain stem:
* bridge between brain and spinal cord
* consists of medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
2) Cerebrum:
* largest part of brain
3) Cerebellum:
* superior to the brain stem
4) Diencephalon:
* Consists omg Thalamus, Hypothalamus

298
Q

What are the 2 basic types of bones?

A

1-compact (weight bearing, rings like a tree)

2-spongy (irregular lattice, filled with red bone marrow)

299
Q

What is, 3 bands of longitudinal muscle ?

A

Tania Golgi

300
Q

What is Excitability?

A

Ability of the nerve to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse.

**Nerve impulse provides the quickest means for achieving homeostasis.

301
Q

Describe Hypodermis.

A
  • Subcutanous layer
  • not a true skin layer
  • connects underlying muscle and bone to skin
  • nerve endings run through this layer into dermis
  • sensitive to pressure,
302
Q

What is pancreatic juice made up of?

A

Acini and a mixture of fluid with digestive enzymes

303
Q

What is the job of the Medulla Oblongata?

A
  • 90% of major sensory and corticospinal tracts cross explaining why the left side controls the right and vice versa
  • This area controls heart rate and force of contractions, as well as vessel diameter
  • Breathing rhythmiticity controlled here as well
  • Vomit center, hiccups, coughing, swallowing
304
Q

What are the king sizes?

A

3: 4-5 ft (yellow)
4: 5-6 ft (orange)
5: +6 ft (purple)

305
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Glucose is not needed immediately for ATP production it can be combined with many other molecules to form the polysaccharide glycogen. Stimulated by insulin.

306
Q

What gives feces the brown color?

A

Billiruben is broken down in the intestines into stercobilin .

307
Q

How much CSF is in a adult?

A

80-120ML

-created and absorbed at approx 20ml/hr so there’s always a constant amount

308
Q

What is the job of the pituitary?

A

-hangs below hypothalamus
-hormone release from the pituitary is controlled by stimulating and inhibits hormones
-secretes 7 hormones
-

309
Q

What 2 layers are in the thoracic cavity?

A

Visceral: inner layer attached to lungs
Parietal: Outer layer attaches to chest wall

310
Q

What is the one thing that remains constant with age of old people?

A

Volume and composition of blood

311
Q

What are the 3 electrical sources of the heart? What are their BPM’s?

A

1: Sinoatrial Node (SA)
- 60-100BPM
2: Atrioventricular Node (AV)
- 40-60 BPM
3: Purjinkie Fibres (ventricles)
- 20-40 BPM

312
Q

Diff between positive and negative feedback?

A

Positive: reaction in body that reinforces itself and grows as a result of each cycle

Negative: reaction in body that is stoppped once body reaches certain level

313
Q

Silence heart on auscultation means what?

A

Poor or no air movement

314
Q

What are the compression, ventilation ratios?

A

Adult (1 or 2 rescuers): 30:2
Children/Infants (1 rescuer): 30:2
(2 rescuer): 15:2

315
Q

Percentage and range of NRB

A

60-100%

10-15L min

316
Q

What chemical is required for nerve transmission?

317
Q

What are the jobs of Lympth and Intersitial fluids?

A
  • inter fluids is fluid between cells, outside of the circulation system
  • as blood and the surrounding ells continually add and remove substances from the ISF, its composition continually changes
  • water and solutes can pass freely between ISF and blood via diffusion across capillary walls and both are in dynamic equilibrium with each other
  • ISF forms at the arterial (coming from the heart) end of capillaries b/c of the higher pressure of blood compared to veins and most of it returns to its venous ends and venues
  • the rest (1%) enters lympth caps as lympth.
  • lympth enters vessels by filtration through pores in the walls of caps
  • the lympth then travels to at least one lympth node before emptying into the right and left subclavaian vein, where it mixes back with blood.
  • as it travels, comes in contact with blood and assists in trans of wastes to the venous system for return to the heart or various body tissues for disposable
  • carriers out immune responses
318
Q

Dullness in the lungs indicates what?

A

PRescene of fluid or pulmonary congestion in the lungs

319
Q

2 most common types of capnograhpy equip?

A

1-nasal prongs

2-in line

320
Q

Approx how many million alveoli in each lung?

321
Q

What are the contents of blood?

A
  • Plasma (transportation)
  • Formed elements
  • RBC’s (erythrocytes)
  • WBC (protection)
  • Platletes (thrombocytes, Protection)
  • Proteins
322
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  • regulation of body temp
  • protections
  • sensation
  • excretion
  • immunity
  • blood reservoir
  • synthesis of Vit D
323
Q

What is the amount of air moved into the lungs during resps? (Tidal volume)

A

Approx 400-600 CC in adults

324
Q

Job of the cerebellum?

A
  • 2nd biggest part of the brain
  • back of the head
  • helps monitor/control fine motor movement, posture and balance
  • alchool effects this area the most causing ataxia
  • alcohol then affects pathways both to and at the medulla and cerebellum.
  • Higher level of thought
  • Left and right hemisphere with 4 lobes
325
Q

What are the sizes for king?

A

3: -30 kg
4: norm adult (50-70 kg)
5: large adult (70+ kg)

326
Q

What is the potential space for each lung?

A

3L,

6 total

327
Q

What reflects leads to urination?

A

Micturition

328
Q

How much air is a BVM capable of storing in adult, child and infant?

A

Adult: 1000-1600 ML
Child: 500-700 ML
Infant: 150-240 mL

329
Q

What is the bulbourethral gland (coppers gland?)

A

Secretes fluid that lubricates urethra and end of penis

-helps prevent damage to sperm during ejaculation

330
Q

True or false? Blood takes too long to diffuse to the tissue from ventricles sure to endocardium lining?

331
Q

What are the jobs of platelets?

A
  • Protection

- responsible for blood clotting and plug formation

332
Q

How long is the pancreas?

333
Q

What produces insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide?

A

Islets of Langerhans

334
Q

What is the Rh blood group named after?

A

Rhesus Monkey

335
Q

Health professions act

A
  • Code of ethics

- standards of practice

336
Q

Diff between Neurons and Neuroglia?

A

Neurons: conduct/transmit actual message, fixed number dont multiple

Neuroglia: nourish/repair the nerve, go through mitosis

337
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Gas exchange is dependant on the partial pressures of gases and the ability of molecules to diffuse from a gas to a liquid medium.

338
Q

Emergency health services act

A

ALS: 1 PCP, 1 ACP
BLS: 1 PCP, 1 EMR
EMR: 2 EMR’s

339
Q

Explain all 5 forms of Hepatitis.

A
  • Inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection, bacteria, parasites, drugs, alcohol, chemical and others
    (1) Hep A
  • trans via foood or water
  • vaccine available
    (2) Hep B
  • 100x more infections than HIV
  • Can resist freezing and some disinfectant
  • trans through needles, tattoo, blood, sex, mouth-mouth result
  • series of 3 shots
    (3) Hep C
  • NO vaccine
  • trans through blood or blood products
    (4) Hep D
  • coexists only with HBV
  • Immunity to HBV confers immunity to HDV
    (5) Hep E
  • associated with contaminated water, transmitted fecal-oral route
340
Q

What divides the liver into right and left halves?

A

Falciform Ligament

341
Q

What is Absolute Refractory Period?

A

No other depolar event can occur during this timeframe

342
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A
  • Most abundant and most widely distributed tissue in body
  • protects and supports body and its organs, binds organs together
  • stores energy reserves as fat and providers immunity
  • join lubricants
  • aqueous /vitreous humour
  • adhesive ness for cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels
343
Q

What 3 small bones are in the middle ear?

A

1-malleus (hammer)
2-incus (anvil)
3-stapes (stirrup)

344
Q

Traffic safety act

A

Fire, ems, police

345
Q

Difference between Electrical and Chemical Synapse?

A

Chemical:

  • indirect form of communication using neurotransmitters
  • can be excitatory or inhibitory
  • travel via blood stream from gland to effector organ

Electrical:

  • ionic current spread directly between adjacent cells and through gap junctions
  • each gap junction contagions 100 connections and ions are able to flow back and forth
  • 2 way transmission
  • Benefits: faster communication, synchronization (ex, cardiac tissue)
346
Q

Duty and breach of duty

A

Duty: duty to respond when called

Breach: does not fifill duty

347
Q

What are the breaths/min for ventilators in adults and children

A

Adult: 10
children: 20

348
Q

Name some body reflexes to expel air?

A
  • laughing
  • crying
  • coughing
  • sneezing
349
Q

The intramuscular pressure exerted on the ______ by the surrounding muscle pushes blood through the one way valves of the ______ returning it to the heart

A

Veins (x2)

*this pumping action Kees blood from pooling in the lower limbs, and ppl that stand still for long can have reduced venous return and low BP leading to dizziness or fainting

350
Q

Diff between Dorsal and Ventral?

A

Dorsal:

  • cranial cavity: the brain
  • spinal cavity: the spinal cord

Ventral:

  • Thoracic cavity: heart, lungs,major vessels
  • Abdo cavity: stomach, intestine, kidneys, liver, spleen, gallbladder ETC
  • Pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, rectum, internal parts of repro system
351
Q

What is Minimal Threshold?

A

Minimal amount of voltage required to start depolarization

352
Q

Is 02 rich blood more basic or acidic?

A

Basic (more of a left shift)

PCP-1902 (3 decks)

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