Segment 1 Flashcards
argument
a group of statements in which the conclusion is claimed to follow from the premises
statement
a sentence that is either true or false
truth value
every statement has a truth vale (either true or false )
logic
the study of reasoning
inference
the reasoning process expressed by an argument
proposition
the information content r. meaning of a statement
statements of argument
- logic
- inference
- proposition
the door is closed =porta eta fechada
t
sentence with truth value (either true or false)
the door is open =statement
compare sentences without truth values
- is the door open? question
- close the door now demand
- please close the door request
- lets close the door statement
arguments contain premises in support of a conclusion
we should boycott that company. they have been fond guilty of producing widgets that they knew were faulty and causing numerous injuries
conclusion and premises indicators hep us identify arguments
since they have been found guilty of producing widgets that they knew were faulty, and that cause numerous injuries, we should therefore boycott that company
conclusion indicators
therefore consequently it proves that thus in conclusion suggest that so it follows that implies that hence we can infer that we can conclude that
premise indicators
because since given that assuming that as shown by for reasons that as indicated by seeing that it follows that
inferential claim
a passage makes an inferential claim when it expresses a reasoning process
compare
unauthorized cars will be towed (a warning not an argument)
given that your car is unauthorized vars will be towed at the owners expense, your car will be towed (an inferential claim, an argument)
explanation
use because to provide reasons for how an event occurred (an already accepted fact)
compare
- because you started lifting weights without first getting a physical checkup, you will probably injure your back
- your back injury occured because you lifted weights without first getting a physical checkup
compare
argument:
(premise) because you started lifting wrights without first getting a phyla checkup, (conclusion) you will probably injure your back
explanation:
your back injury occured because you lifted weights without first getting a physical checkup (an already accepted fact)
truth value analysis
determines if the information in the remised is accurate, correct or true (is it a true or false statement)
logical analysis
determines the strength with which the presumes support the conclusion (is it a valid or invalid argument)
premises:
1. it is raining
2. when it rains games are canceled
conclusion:
1. there fore the game is canceled
deductive argument
one in which it is claimed that
- the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise
- true premises make it impossible for the conclusion to be false
inductive argument
one in which it is claimed that
- the premises make the conclusion probable
- true premises make it improbable for the conclusion to be false
key words/phrases
deductive: necessarily, definitely, absolutely
inductive: probably, likely, unlikely, improbable, plausible, implausible
strength of argument
deductive: conclusion necessarily true
indicative: conclusion only probably true
types of arguments
deductive: mathematics, geometry, definitions
inductive: legal, analogical, moral, statistical, causal, scientific
logic
the systematic use of methods and principles to analyze, evaluate, and construct arguments
argument
- a group of statements in which the conclusion is claimed to follow from the premise
- arguments can have more than one premise but only one conclusion
statement
a sentence that is either true or false
truth value
every statement has a truth value either true or false
proposition
the information content meaning of a statement
sentences with truth value example
the door is open
sentences without truth value
- is the door open: question
- close the door: command
- please close the door: request
- lets close the door: statement
the purpose of a premise
to support the conclusion
the function of the conclusion
serve as the main point of the argument
inferential claim
a passage makes an inferential claim when it expresses a reasoning process
most college freshmen have part time jobs. sue is a college freshman. thus, sue has a part time job.
answer:
answer:
difference between inductive and deductive arguments
deductive has no room for uncertainty inductive does
in deductive if the premise is true it is impossible for the conclusion to be false
inductive arguments are likely true based on the facts of the premise (establishes a degree of probability)
truth analysis
- concerns statements
2. a statement is either true or false
logical analysis
- concerns arguments
2. the relationship between premise and conclusion provides the inferential strength of an argument
logical analysis
tells us whether a deductive segment is valid or invalid
laid deductive argument
true premises make it impossible for conclusion to be false
invalid deductive argument
even if the premises is true it is still possible for the conclusion to be false
truth analysis
tells use whether a deductive argument is sound or unsound
sound argument
the argument is valid and the premises are, in fact, true
unsound argument
the argument is invalid or at least one premise is false
valid but unsound argument
(First premise) all elephants can fly. (Second premise) Mikhail Kulakov is an elephant. (Conclusion) Therefore, Mikhail Kulakov can fly.
Why was the argument before valid but not sound?
if the two premises were true then the conclusion would be but there is no truth value to the argument
how to fix the elephant issue
to make it logical and sound
premise 1: if all elephants could fly
premise 2: and if M. Kulakov was an elephant
conclusion: M. Kulakov would be able to fly
validity is recognizing a correct form of an argument, soundness is admitting that the form is correct and the premises are true to fact
t
in a valid deductive argument premises necessarily lead to one conclusion on
t
a statement is a sentence that must be true
false
a proposition is the information content imparted by a statement, or, simply put, its meaning
true
a deductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises
true
an inductive argument os one in which it is claimed that the premises make the conclusion probable
true
a valid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is sometimes possible for the conclusion to be false
true
a valid argument can be an unsound argument
true
an invalid argument can be a sound argument
false
a strong inductive argument is such the If the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true
true
a weak inductive argument is an argument such that either (a) if the premises are issued to be true, then the conclusions probably not true, or (b) a probably true conclusion does not follow from the premises
true
enthymemes
arguments with missing premises, missing conclusions or both
the principle of charity
sense of fairness and an ope mind, if we expect others to analyze our arguments in a reasonable way we should do the same
arguments are
neither true nor false
statements are
neither valid nor invalid nor strong nor weak
Inductive arguments are used when there is an unknown, where there is a lack of information
t
an opaque jar is a jar you cannot see through
t
an inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong and the premises are true
true
an inductive argument is uncogent only when the premises are false
false
