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Intro to Logic > Segment 1 > Flashcards

Segment 1 Flashcards

1
Q

argument

A

a group of statements in which the conclusion is claimed to follow from the premises

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2
Q

statement

A

a sentence that is either true or false

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3
Q

truth value

A

every statement has a truth vale (either true or false )

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4
Q

logic

A

the study of reasoning

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5
Q

inference

A

the reasoning process expressed by an argument

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6
Q

proposition

A

the information content r. meaning of a statement

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7
Q

statements of argument

A
  1. logic
  2. inference
  3. proposition
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8
Q

the door is closed =porta eta fechada

A

t

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9
Q

sentence with truth value (either true or false)

A

the door is open =statement

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10
Q

compare sentences without truth values

A
  1. is the door open? question
  2. close the door now demand
  3. please close the door request
  4. lets close the door statement
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11
Q

arguments contain premises in support of a conclusion

A

we should boycott that company. they have been fond guilty of producing widgets that they knew were faulty and causing numerous injuries

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12
Q

conclusion and premises indicators hep us identify arguments

A

since they have been found guilty of producing widgets that they knew were faulty, and that cause numerous injuries, we should therefore boycott that company

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13
Q

conclusion indicators

A 
therefore 
consequently 
it proves that 
thus 
in conclusion 
suggest that 
so 
it follows that 
implies that 
hence 
we can infer that 
we can conclude that
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14
Q

premise indicators

A 
because 
since 
given that 
assuming that 
as shown by 
for reasons that 
as indicated by 
seeing that 
it follows that
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15
Q

inferential claim

A

a passage makes an inferential claim when it expresses a reasoning process

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16
Q

compare

A

unauthorized cars will be towed (a warning not an argument)

given that your car is unauthorized vars will be towed at the owners expense, your car will be towed (an inferential claim, an argument)

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17
Q

explanation

A

use because to provide reasons for how an event occurred (an already accepted fact)

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18
Q

compare

A
  1. because you started lifting weights without first getting a physical checkup, you will probably injure your back
  2. your back injury occured because you lifted weights without first getting a physical checkup
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19
Q

compare

A

argument:
(premise) because you started lifting wrights without first getting a phyla checkup, (conclusion) you will probably injure your back

explanation:
your back injury occured because you lifted weights without first getting a physical checkup (an already accepted fact)

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20
Q

truth value analysis

A

determines if the information in the remised is accurate, correct or true (is it a true or false statement)

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21
Q

logical analysis

A

determines the strength with which the presumes support the conclusion (is it a valid or invalid argument)

premises:
1. it is raining
2. when it rains games are canceled

conclusion:
1. there fore the game is canceled

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22
Q

deductive argument

A

one in which it is claimed that

  1. the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise
  2. true premises make it impossible for the conclusion to be false
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23
Q

inductive argument

A

one in which it is claimed that

  1. the premises make the conclusion probable
  2. true premises make it improbable for the conclusion to be false
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24
Q

key words/phrases

A

deductive: necessarily, definitely, absolutely
inductive: probably, likely, unlikely, improbable, plausible, implausible

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25
Q

strength of argument

A

deductive: conclusion necessarily true
indicative: conclusion only probably true

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26
Q

types of arguments

A

deductive: mathematics, geometry, definitions
inductive: legal, analogical, moral, statistical, causal, scientific

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27
Q

logic

A

the systematic use of methods and principles to analyze, evaluate, and construct arguments

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28
Q

argument

A
  1. a group of statements in which the conclusion is claimed to follow from the premise
  2. arguments can have more than one premise but only one conclusion
29
Q

statement

A

a sentence that is either true or false

30
Q

truth value

A

every statement has a truth value either true or false

31
Q

proposition

A

the information content meaning of a statement

32
Q

sentences with truth value example

A

the door is open

33
Q

sentences without truth value

A
  1. is the door open: question
  2. close the door: command
  3. please close the door: request
  4. lets close the door: statement
34
Q

the purpose of a premise

A

to support the conclusion

35
Q

the function of the conclusion

A

serve as the main point of the argument

36
Q

inferential claim

A

a passage makes an inferential claim when it expresses a reasoning process

37
Q

most college freshmen have part time jobs. sue is a college freshman. thus, sue has a part time job.

answer:

A

answer:

38
Q

difference between inductive and deductive arguments

A

deductive has no room for uncertainty inductive does

in deductive if the premise is true it is impossible for the conclusion to be false

inductive arguments are likely true based on the facts of the premise (establishes a degree of probability)

39
Q

truth analysis

A
  1. concerns statements

2. a statement is either true or false

40
Q

logical analysis

A
  1. concerns arguments

2. the relationship between premise and conclusion provides the inferential strength of an argument

41
Q

logical analysis

A

tells us whether a deductive segment is valid or invalid

42
Q

laid deductive argument

A

true premises make it impossible for conclusion to be false

43
Q

invalid deductive argument

A

even if the premises is true it is still possible for the conclusion to be false

44
Q

truth analysis

A

tells use whether a deductive argument is sound or unsound

45
Q

sound argument

A

the argument is valid and the premises are, in fact, true

46
Q

unsound argument

A

the argument is invalid or at least one premise is false

47
Q

valid but unsound argument

A

(First premise) all elephants can fly. (Second premise) Mikhail Kulakov is an elephant. (Conclusion) Therefore, Mikhail Kulakov can fly.

48
Q

Why was the argument before valid but not sound?

A

if the two premises were true then the conclusion would be but there is no truth value to the argument

49
Q

how to fix the elephant issue

to make it logical and sound

A

premise 1: if all elephants could fly

premise 2: and if M. Kulakov was an elephant

conclusion: M. Kulakov would be able to fly

50
Q

validity is recognizing a correct form of an argument, soundness is admitting that the form is correct and the premises are true to fact

A

t

51
Q

in a valid deductive argument premises necessarily lead to one conclusion on

A

t

52
Q

a statement is a sentence that must be true

A

false

53
Q

a proposition is the information content imparted by a statement, or, simply put, its meaning

A

true

54
Q

a deductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises

A

true

55
Q

an inductive argument os one in which it is claimed that the premises make the conclusion probable

A

true

56
Q

a valid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is sometimes possible for the conclusion to be false

A

true

57
Q

a valid argument can be an unsound argument

A

true

58
Q

an invalid argument can be a sound argument

A

false

59
Q

a strong inductive argument is such the If the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true

A

true

60
Q

a weak inductive argument is an argument such that either (a) if the premises are issued to be true, then the conclusions probably not true, or (b) a probably true conclusion does not follow from the premises

A

true

61
Q

enthymemes

A

arguments with missing premises, missing conclusions or both

62
Q

the principle of charity

A

sense of fairness and an ope mind, if we expect others to analyze our arguments in a reasonable way we should do the same

63
Q

arguments are

A

neither true nor false

64
Q

statements are

A

neither valid nor invalid nor strong nor weak

65
Q

Inductive arguments are used when there is an unknown, where there is a lack of information

A

t

66
Q

an opaque jar is a jar you cannot see through

A

t

67
Q

an inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong and the premises are true

A

true

68
Q

an inductive argument is uncogent only when the premises are false

A

false

Intro to Logic (4 decks)

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