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FEM > seeds > Flashcards

seeds Flashcards

1
Q

advantage of small seed

A

persistent seeds, enable plants to have a larger seed production and a longer persistence in the soil seed bank

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2
Q

advantage of large seed

A

-emerge from deep soils or penetrate litter layer
-reserves to support respiration
-reserves to recover from tissue loss
-better access to light and soil resources
-escape size-dependent mortality
-better mammal dispersal

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3
Q

who has bigger and smaller seeds?

A

light demanding smaller, shade tolerant bigger (though there are exceptions)

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4
Q

what is the difference in seed rain between gaps and understory

A

understory dominated by zoochorous species, gaps more wind dispersed species. understory was more varied in seed rain

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5
Q

how many seeds in seed bank tropical forest

A

mature 3000/m2 secondary forest 15000/m2

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6
Q

which seeds are found in soil seed bank the most

A

seeds from small seeded, fast growing light demanding species because they are viable longer.

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7
Q

four factors that can delay germination of rainforest seeds

A

hard seed coat,
low seed water content
small size and slow embryo development
chemical germination inhibitors

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8
Q

orthodox seeds

A

seeds that can be stored for long time, usually low seed water content (<7%)

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9
Q

recalcitrant seeds

A

rapid germinating seeds that can’t handle drying out. should not be used for reforestation. examples common oak and horse chestnut

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10
Q

what are germination cues

A

light quantity and quality, temperature and soil humidity

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11
Q

photoblastic germination

A

pioneer species should stay dorment in the shade and germinate only when enough sunlight is available (as indicator that there is a gap in the canopy). but might not be true

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12
Q

how does a hard seed coat delay germination

A

by limiting oxygen exchange or physically restraining embryo growth.

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13
Q

what may pioneers need to germinate instead of light

A

bare, litter free mineral soil

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14
Q

what can you do to improve seed bank/rain

A

topsoil removal to mobilize seed bank and provide litter free germination bed for small-seeded species, if species are not present in seed bank you can plant fruit bearing trees to improve input of seed rain.

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15
Q

what is the bottleneck in life cycle of a tree

A

seedling phase (up to 80% mortality)

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16
Q

definition of seedling

A

still has seed, or depends on seed reserves

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17
Q

what can seed energy reserves be

A

starch or oils and other lipids. lipid is more concentrated, starch more common

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18
Q

why do so many seedlings die?

A

small (easy to damage)
high tissue quality (attractive for herbivores)
little access to resources (due to small leaves and root systems, therefore suffer more from shade, drought and nutrient dificiencies)
little reserves

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19
Q

how do seedlings react to heterogeineity (gradients in light, nutrients, water etc.)

A

acclimation or adaption

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20
Q

acclimation

A

short term phenotypic response of individuals to climatic conditions

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21
Q

adaption

A

longer term genetic responses of populations of species to environmental conditions

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22
Q

functional equilibrium hypothesis

A

plant resource allocation to capture the resource in limiting supply (eg lack of light should cause a plant to focus on growing leaves)

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23
Q

growth survival trade off

A

species from high resource environments should focus on growing to outcompete others (aquisitive traits), species from low resource environments should focus on survival (conservative traits).

24
Q

what does a growth analysis do

A

allow you to analyse the relative growth rate of plants in terms of its underlying components

25
Q

relative growth

A

growth scaled to relative plant size

26
Q

what determines relative growth

A

Biomass accumulation, morphology and physiology

27
Q

growth analysis formula

A

RGR= NAR * LAR or (LMF * SLA)

28
Q

NAR

A

Net assimilation rate

29
Q

LAR

A

leaf area ratio

30
Q

LMF

A

leaf mass fraction

31
Q

SLA

A

specific leaf area

32
Q

how do plants invest in low light conditions

A

thin and soft leaves with large SLA, as a result high LAR

33
Q

how do plants invest in high light conditions

A

with high irradiance there is more transpiration, and water and nutrients are limiting. plants invest in roots. this gives more water and higher phosotyntheic ability, which together with the light causes high NAR. the low LAR is offset by high NAR, causing higher growth rates in high light.

34
Q

what determines carbon gain

A

irradiance levels, leaf area, light capture efficiency and photosynthetic characteristics

35
Q

what does RGR summarise

A

carbon balance at whole plant level

36
Q

characteristic difference: pioneers

A

high in everything, except leaf mass/area, stomatal size, allocation to leaves, bole taper, seed size and stand density

37
Q

what determines carbon loss

A

respiration rate, herbivory, turnover of plant parts

38
Q

characteristic difference: shade tolerant species

A

low everything, except leaf mass/area, stomatal size, allocation to leaves, bole taper, seed size and stand density

39
Q

why don’t shade tolerant species maximise leaf area?

A

high SLA leaves are less protected, more susceptible to phatogens, herbivory and physical damage)

40
Q

what is the major respitory drain for seedlings

A

leaves

41
Q

pioneers/shade tolerant, who has higher NAR?

A

pioneers, though it’s not useful unless in full light

42
Q

do pioneer outgrow shade tolerants in shade?

A

yes

43
Q

what mostly determines nature of plant defenses

A

particular site characteristics of the ecosystem of the plant

44
Q

where is carbon allocated

A

to the organ that captures the most limiting resource

45
Q

stemwood

A

contains both living (sapwood) and dead tissue (heartwood)

46
Q

when does Amax peak

A

halfway through the growing season for decideous species, declines with leaf age for coniferous species

47
Q

how much water does a tree transpire

A

of the hundred liter water used, only 2,5% is used and the rest is transpired

48
Q

what do stomata doe

A

when they open they aquire co2 but lose water

49
Q

angiosperm wood

A

three tissue types: vessels, fibres and parenchyma cells

50
Q

gymnosperm wood

A

tracheids and parenchyma

51
Q

tracheid

A

wood tissue for water transport (found in gymnosperms)

52
Q

parenchyma cells

A

found in wood, for transport, carbon- and water storage

53
Q

vessels and fibres

A

found in angiosperms, vessels for water transport and fibres for strength and sometimes water storage

54
Q

cavitation

A

water going from liquid to gas phase (inside xylem)

55
Q
A

FEM (3 decks)

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