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FEM Flashcards

1
Q

what is a disturbance

A

a sudden event in that time that removes biomass, disrupts ecosystem- community- or population structures and causes a rapid release or reallocation of environmental resources such as light, water or soil nutrients.

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2
Q

key aspects of disturbance

A

size, frequency and intensity

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3
Q

what should forest managers attempt? (in context of disturbances)

A

minimizing deleterious changes while maintaining future stand productivity and management options

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4
Q

what does harvesting intensity influence?

A

stand basal area, and in turn canopy cover and thus light availability

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5
Q

what are the two harvesting systems?

A

monocyclic (clearcut, all standing timber cut at once) and polycyclic (limited proportion of stems is cut)

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6
Q

what does monocyclic regenration depend on?

A

seed bank

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7
Q

what does polycyclic regenration depend on?

A

advanced regeneration, also called seedling bank

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8
Q

what is difference in canopy gaps between harvested and natural forest?

A

natural: small and quickly filled by advanced regeneration.
harvested: bigger and higher density. domineered by pioneer vegetation

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9
Q

what trees are found in logging roads?

A

pioneer species

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10
Q

consequences of too big canopy gaps?

A

soils drying out, nutrient loss through run-off, and herbaceous vegetation interfering with regeneration. And lots of regrowth may attract deer or other animals which damage regrowth and maintain open areas.

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11
Q

transformative change

A

not continuing business as usual, and radically changing our ways

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12
Q

forest-transition curve

A

forests are first lost for agriculture and then abandoned so the forest returns

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13
Q

how to achieve transformative change according to IPBES (international panel for biodiversity and ecosystem services)

A

formulate policies with the highest leverage (impact for action). Including reducing consumption, investing in technological solutions, shifting focus from economic welfare to human welfare

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14
Q

what is the role of soil in biogeochemical cycling

A

regulate fluxes of carbon, water and nutrients, and belowground storage

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15
Q

Mor soil

A

poor and infertile. Only an ectorganic layer (i.e., litter on top of the mineral soil).

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16
Q

Moder soil

A

intermediate fertility. Ah horizon (Layer where the mineral soil is mixed with humus), with darker humus incorporated in the mineral
layer.

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17
Q

Mull soil

A

rich and fertile soil. A deep Ah horizon (Layer where the mineral soil is mixed with humus) well, mixed, with a lot of bioturbation

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18
Q

how do above-below ground linkages differ

A

between fast (fertile soils) and slow (poor soils)

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19
Q

fast species (fertile soil)

A

thin, productive leaves with high nutrient value.
support high herbivore density. leaf litter layer high in nutrients and low in defense, bacteria and earthworm based decomposition. low net carbon accumulation and fast leaky nutrient cycling

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20
Q

slow species (poor soils)

A

long leaf life span, high defense, fungi and arthropod based decomposition, slow nutrient cycling and high carbon storage

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21
Q

3 drivers of decomposition:

A

litter (quantity and quality),

environment (conditions that speed up decomposer metabolism and activity)

decomposers (bacteria/macrofauna or fungi/microarthropods and what they can decompose).

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22
Q

Definition of decomposition

A

process where dead organic material is broken down into simpler organic or inorganic substances, such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and minerals.

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23
Q

where is leaf litter production highest?

A

tropics, lowest in poles

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24
Q

where is leaf litter on forest floor highest?

A

poles, lowest in tropics

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25
Q

what is the most important predictor for decomposition rate?

A

tree species (more important than climate)

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26
Q

how many european specieds are associated with dead wood

A

one third

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27
Q

The LOGlife project

A

an experiment to see how different tree species differ in decomposition rate.

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28
Q

which dead trees host the most fungi?

A

broadleaved trees and species with acquisitive stem traits (high nutritional value and low defense)

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29
Q

bring back the lime forest

A

To make the old growth flowering herbs come back, it’s proposed to plant trees with liming properties on intermediate soils to make soils richer.

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30
Q

Environmental heterogeneity in forest is influenced by:

A

tree and branch fall disturbances which create gaps in the canopy and therefore different conditions on the forest floor.

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31
Q

which nutrient is lost with leaf fall?

A

Ca, because it can’t be reabsorbed

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32
Q

use of Mg for plants

A

crucial component of chlorophyll, therefore important for photosynthesis

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33
Q

use of Ca for plants

A

integral component of cell membrame and cell wall

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34
Q

use of K for plants

A

important for enzyme activity and stomatal regulation, and thus for carbon gain and water loss

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35
Q

how can environmental factors influencing plants be classified?

A

resource, condition or signal

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36
Q

resource

A

consumable substances (nutrients, light, water etc)

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37
Q

condition

A

: environmental factors that are not consumable but affect the efficiency of resource use. (soil pH, temperature)

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38
Q

signal

A

conditions that influence plant development, but not via resource use. For example plants can detect low light conditions which will trigger inhibition of seed germination and growing longer stems.

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39
Q

When is a forest heterogeneous?

A

Depends on your question, what scale? Seedling, cellular or community? And over what time? Centuries, years, hours?

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40
Q

two types of heterogeneity:

A

anthropogenic/measured and phytocentric/functional.

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41
Q

6 ways to describe heterogeneity

A

quantity, frequency distribution, thresholds, timing or location, pattern and congruency.

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42
Q

heterogeneity frequency distribution

A

frequency of something being available for a plant through time, eg how many minutes a day does light reach a leaf

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43
Q

heterogeneity duration of time above thresholds

A

many processes are regulated by time spend above a certain threshold.

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44
Q

heterogeneity timing or location

A

the timing and/or location of threshold events has an impact on the ecology of a forest. A drought in the beginning of the growing season will be different effects than later in the season. Drying in the upper part of the soil has different effect than drying of root systems

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45
Q

heterogeneity pattern

A

which patterns exist within a forest or patch may be an ecologically important component of heterogeneity.

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46
Q

heterogeneity Congruency of environmental factors

A

environmental factors occurring at the same time and place. The factors can also influence each other.

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47
Q

heterogeneity Quantity

A

most used to measure environmental heterogeneity. Total or average level of a resource or factor.

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48
Q

when do you want less heterogeneity

A

if you have a monoculture timber plantation

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49
Q

photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) or photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)

A

light on the visible light spectrum that platns can use for photosynthesis

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50
Q

When light hits vegetation, it can be:

A

reflected, absorbed or transmited (transmittance of the radiation that passes through the leaf and is not absorbed)

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51
Q

You can describe light from three aspects

A

quantity, quality and light distribution over time

52
Q

quantity of light

A

how much light reaches a plant

53
Q

quality of light

A

plants need red light for photosynthesis. Other light is not intercepted, such as far-red light. When light is intercepted a lot by plants that cast a deep shade the red light reaching below is less than when a light shade plant hangs overhead. Or, the R:FR ratio is higher. This ratio can thus tell us how dense foliage is.

54
Q

periodicity of light

A

light periodicity is variable in different time scales. For example in the tropics there is not much seasonal change, but on a shorter time scale sunflecks become important. Sunflecks are temporal patches of direct radiation due to unobstructed sky (no clouds or overtopping vegetation)

55
Q

what are lag times?

A

light affects processes at small time and space scales, but it takes longer before bigger effects are seen. They are basically always lagging behind. so it can take a long time before effects of silvicultural treatments are seen,

56
Q

three main gradients in forests

A

horizontal (from understory to gap center)
vertical (from floor to canopy)
center-edge

57
Q

three main causes of sucession:

A

availability of open sites, differential species availability, defferential species performance

58
Q

drivers/conditions for availability of open sites

A

disturbance

59
Q

drivers/conditions for differential species availability

A

dispersal and propagule pool

60
Q

drivers/conditions for differential species performance

A

resource availability, ecophysiology, life history, interactions, herbivory

61
Q

definition of succession:

A

different ones, in course guide: a progressive alteration in the structure and species of the vegetation

62
Q

pickets way to describe sucession:

A

pathways (temporal pattern), mechanisms (interaction or process that contributes to sucession, eg dispersal, competition) and models (conceptual map that explains a pathway and which mechanisms are important in different stages)

63
Q

key points to clements succesion theory:

A

plant community is an organism
deterministic
autogenic
progressive and irreversible
ends in mono-climax

64
Q

what is the climax according to clements

A

a mono-climax that maximum stability that resists change, all sucession in the same climatic region leads to the same climax

65
Q

key points to gleason succesion theory (individualistic theory):

A

-individualistic, plants are individuals
-no sequential vegetation changes, just vegetation that contineously replaces each other
-species composition due to chance (availability) so no orderly process
-coexistence because of overlapping niches
-reverseble and regressive
-no definite climax

66
Q

gradient from understory to gap centre

A

short and unpredictable, from little light to more light. variation in light and soil temperature increases. litter higher in recent gaps and less in older gaps.

67
Q

fallen tree gradient

A

root, bole and crown different regenerational niches. root gives good germination small-seeded species. bole also gives a good head start for species, especially when forest floor is densely populated. the crown has high nutrient and gives protection from herbivores, but can smother seedlings with lianas or scramblers

68
Q

south-north gradient in a gap

A

in northern hemisphere the sun is always in the south which leads to more sun in the north.

69
Q

west east gradient in gap

A

west receives light in the morning when temp is low and humidity and co2 is high. this gives good growth conditions. East receives light in the afternoon when vapor pressure deficit is high leading to plant stress

70
Q

vertical gradient

A

along the height gradient, light availability, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit and windspeed increase and relative humidity decreases

71
Q

what happens with co2 concentrations in a forest

A

they are much higher than outside of the forest

72
Q

how to increase biodiversity

A

create horizontal and vertical gradients, create gradual transition from forest to matrix in temperate regions, and sharp transition in tropics.

73
Q

relay floristics sucession

A

clear sucessional stages, sequential replacement. one group modifies the environment so the next takes over.

74
Q

initial floristic compostion model

A

all species are present in the initial stage of sucession, and then occurr as seperate stages over time

75
Q

polyclimax

A

for any combination of environment and organisms there will be a climax, but what that is depends on environment and biotic conditions

76
Q

gradational climax

A

different climaxes exist along major environmental gradients

77
Q

site climax

A

climax can only be classified at site level because it depends on local conditions and environmental gradient

78
Q

primary sucession

A

occurs on previously unvegetated terrain

79
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs on previously vegetated terrain, where a disturbance has removed part of the biomass and species, but some legacies are left

80
Q

secondary sucession phases according to Peet

A

establishment, thinning, transition, steady-state

81
Q

secondary sucession phases according to Oliver

A

stand initiation, stem exclusion, understory reinitiation, old growth

82
Q

cyclic succession

A

forests are a mosaic of patches in different phases of micro succession or forest development. also called forest growth cycle.

83
Q

forest growth cycle

A

also called cyclic succession or silivgenesis. four phases: gap, building, mature and degenerate

84
Q

four phases of cyclic succession accoridng to Watt

A

pioneer, building, mature, degenerate (and back to pioneer).

85
Q

how much forest loss is in the tropics

A

90%

86
Q

what happens with species in secondary forests

A

recovery in species richness takes decades, species composition centuries

87
Q

what is difference between wet and dry tropical forest regarding sucession

A

oppsite in wood densities: wet have pioneer with low wood density and dry with high.

88
Q

three indicators of forest recovery sucess

A

maximun tree height, structural hetergeneity, species richness

89
Q

what determines disturbance impact

A

size, frequency and distribution

90
Q

what disturbances lead to primary succession

A

volcanoes, landslides, meandering rivers, driftsands

91
Q

what disturbances lead to secondary succession

A

fires, floods, droughts, pests, wind

92
Q

most typical disturbance in forests globally

A

tree and branch falls

93
Q

regeneration gradient along increasing gap size

A

branches -> advanced regeneration -> sprouts -> seed bank -> immigrants

94
Q

what drives seed limitation (not all seeds being able to colonize new areas)

A

source-limitation (not enough source trees, or non-productive source trees) and dispersal limitation (e.g. too little wind, to few animals for dispersal, uneffective dispersal method)

95
Q

what does seed limitation promote

A

species coexistance and diversity, it can slow competitive exclusion as the stronger species may not arrive to the site.

96
Q

polycarpic/monocarpic

A

wether reproduction is continuous or a one time event for a species

97
Q

hermaphroditic

A

produce bisexual flowers. majority of tropical species.

98
Q

monoecious

A

male and female flowers on the same plant. relatively rare, palms, figs and euphorbiceae

99
Q

diocious

A

seperate male and female trees. more common in tropics than temperate forests.

100
Q

why would a tree reproduce early?

A

fast growing pioneers and understory species are at a high risk of being outcompeted or dying (due to tree/branch fall) so it’s best to reproduce early

101
Q

why would a tree repdroduce late?

A

better acess to light and better resources for reproduction

102
Q

how do trees disperse seeds?

A

in tropics mostly animal pollinators, in temperate more wind. conifers are all wind pollinated, if they’re in the tropics they tower above the other trees

103
Q

pollination syndrome

A

a similar set of traits in in florescence (flower tros) and flower morphology and presentation, attractions and rewards that attract certain pollinators

104
Q

Pollination syndrome bats

A

mostly tropics. bat flowers open at night, have large petals and produce much nectar. often well exposed and cauliflorous (growing on trunk)

105
Q

Pollination syndrome insects

A

bee flowers smell sweet and ar nectar rich. moth flowers are nocturnal commonly pale, sweet scented and a long corolla tube.

106
Q

Pollination syndrome birds

A

often vivd red

107
Q

rhizoflory

A

flowers growing from roots of tree, to attract understory dwellers to disperse seeds/pollinate.

108
Q

four main agents of seed dispersal:

A

wind, animals, gravity and water

109
Q

anemochory

A

wind dispersal

110
Q

ornithochory

A

bird dispersal

111
Q

what are characteristics of mammal dispersed fruits

A

none

112
Q

chiropterochy

A

bat dispersal. usually green fruits

113
Q

piscichory

A

fish dispersal.

114
Q

hydrochory

A

water dispersal

115
Q

barochory

A

gravity dispersal

116
Q

secondary dispersal

A

fruit that first falls, and is then dispersed by animals

117
Q

three ecological advantages of investing in efficient dispersal system for plants

A

colonization of new habitats, directed dispersal and escape

118
Q

what happens to seed mortality away from parent tree

A

it decreases, as there are less predators

119
Q

Distance and density dependent mortality (DDD)

A

seeds dispersed farther from mother tree have a greater chance of escaping predators (insects and pests) and thus higher survival chance

120
Q

two main ways of regenerating

A

sexual (generative, regeneration from seed) and asexual (regeneration from vegetative sprouting)

121
Q

what is a plant strategy

A

combination of traits leading to similarities in species ecology

122
Q

fundamental niche

A

where a species could theoretically occur

123
Q

realized niche

A

where a species actually occurs.

124
Q

distinct preference niche

A

realized niche smaller than fundamental niche, realized niche in center (in graph)

125
Q

shared preference niche

A

all species share an optimal fundamental niche, there is a trade of between dominance and environmental tolerance. realized niche is only in center for dominant species. most likely and often best niche model for trees

126
Q

what are four different crown classes that competition leads to

A

dominant, codominant, intermediate and surpressed

127
Q
A

FEM (3 decks)

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