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Geology 101 > Sedimentary rocks > Flashcards

Sedimentary rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

What begins the process of sedimentary rocks?

A

Weathering of preexisting rocks

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2
Q

How much coverage sedimentary rocks cover the earth?

A

75%

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3
Q

What are sediment rocks?

A

Rocks that are made out of sediment that have been compacted and cemented to form solid rocks

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4
Q

Sediment rocks could’ve been formed from…

A

Fragments of other rocks, chemical precipitates, and organic material.

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5
Q

What’s a Chemical precipitate?

A

Certain solids can form from chemical reactions such as the ocean being saturated.

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6
Q

Organic material

A

Formed by something alive ex:coal

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7
Q

Sedimentary rocks can record different landscapes and times true or false?

A

True

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8
Q

What are agents of transportation?

A

Running water, groundwater, wave activity, wind, and glacial ice

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9
Q

Deposition

A

The laying down of sediment carried by wind, flowing water, the sea or ice.

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10
Q

How do sediments become lithified?

A

Older sediments are buried beneath younger layers and gradually converted to sedimentary rock (lithified) by compaction and cementation.

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11
Q

lithification

A

Sediments converge into sedimentary rocks by compaction and cementation.

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12
Q

What are the three categories of sedimentary rocks?

A

Detrital, Chemical, and organic.

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13
Q

Detrital sedimentary rocks

A

Rocks form from an accumulation of material that originates and is transported as solid particles because of chemical or mechanical weathering.

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14
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks

A

Formed by soluble (dissolvable) material largely by chemical weathering. Precipitated either by inorganic or organic.

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15
Q

Precipitated

A

The act of a solid coming out of solution, typically resulting from a drop in temperature or a decrease of the dissolving material.

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16
Q

Organic sedimentary rocks

A

Composed of organic carbon from the remains of plants that died on the floor swamp. Coal is an example

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17
Q

Particle size can determine…

A

detrital rocks and environment

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18
Q

Stronger currents can carry larger particles with more energy true or false?

A

True

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19
Q

Particle boulder size in millimeters?

A

Over 256

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20
Q

Particle Cobble size in millimeters?

A

64-256

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21
Q

Particle Pebble size in millimeters?

A

4-64

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22
Q

Particle Granule size in millimeters?

A

2-4

23
Q

Characteristics distinguishing detrital rock “Conglomerate”

A

Common name= gravel
Particle names= Boulder, cobble, pebble, granule
size ranges=2-256

24
Q

Characteristics distinguishing detrital rock “Breccia”

A

Common name= gravel
Particle names= Boulder, cobble, pebble, granule
size ranges=2-256

25
Q

Particle sand size in millimeters?

A

1/16-2

26
Q

Characteristics distinguishing detrital rock “sandstone”

A

Common name= sand
Particle name= sand
size ranges= 1/16-2

27
Q

Particle slit size in millimeters?

A

1/256-1/16

28
Q

Particle clay size in millimeters?

A

<1/256

29
Q

Characteristics distinguishing detrital rock “shale or mudstone”

A

Common name= mud
Particle names= slit, clay
Size ranges= <1/256-1/16

30
Q

Shale

A

The most common sedimentary rock, consists of slit and clay particles

31
Q

In what type of environment does “shale” form in?

A

quiet such as lagoons, lakes, river floodplains and portions of the oceans deep basins

32
Q

To identify shale it must be….

A

easily breakable into thin layers, also known as fissility

33
Q

To identify mudstone it must be….

A

breakable in chunks or or blocks

34
Q

The difference between identifying shale and slitstone is…

A

Slistone lacks fissility

35
Q

Conglomerate requires more energy to weather and erode true or false?

A

True

36
Q

Is a slope, flood, and mountain stream high or low energy?

A

High

37
Q

Clay, slit, and sand are low or high-energy environments?

A

Low energy because they don’t require much to transport

38
Q

Pebble, granule, cobble, and boulder are low or high energy environments?

A

High energy because they require a lot of force for these particles to transport

39
Q

Diagenesis

A

Occurs at the surface where the burial and transformation happen of a sedimentary rock

40
Q

Sort Cementation, Diagenesis, compact and lithification in order

A

Diagenesis, lithification, compaction, cementation

41
Q

Explain the compact and cementation process briefly

A

Loose clay particles filled with water, pressure happens and starts to cement them, there’s still circulation of groundwater, but after that minerals will fill the pore spaces and glue the grains together

42
Q

Sorting

A

How similar are the particle sizes in a sedimentary rock, This Can help understand the depositing currents ex: windblown sand is sorted better than wave activity

43
Q

Often formed in high-energy environments, have well-rounded pebbles, and consist of gravel, mud, and sand. Which sedimentary rock is this?

A

Conglomerate

44
Q

Made up of angular pebbles, formed in a high-energy environment glacier enviorments, and is a conglomerate sister. Which rock is this?

A

Breccia

45
Q

Mainly composed of quartz, hardness of 7, resistant to weathering, well rounded and sorted, and can be terrestrial or marine. Which sedimentary rock is this?

A

Sandstone

46
Q

What are the three types of sandstone?

A

Quartz, Arkose, Greywacke

47
Q

What environment does quartz sandstone represent?

A

Beach, near/on snore, or desert.

48
Q

What environment does arkose represent?

A

Dry environments because it has more than 25% feldspar which give it that red color. It’s a terrestrial sandstone

49
Q

What environment does greywacke represent?

A

Deep ocean where it’s mixed with mainly clay.

50
Q

Fine-grained rock, thin layers of laminae, often carried in cloudy (water not clear) rivers and deposited in floodplains or deltas. Which sedimentary rock is this?

A

Slitstone

51
Q

Composed of solidified deposits of clay and mud, weathers rapidly, low energy environments, black vs red. Which sedimentary rock is this?

A

Shale

52
Q

Is the bottom of the ocean low or high oxygen enviorment?

A

Low

53
Q
A

Geology 101 (2 decks)

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