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Geology > Sedimentary Rocks > Flashcards

Sedimentary Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

Define sediments

A

Particles of minerals that often settle on the top of mineral beds.

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2
Q

Define Siliciclastic sediment

A

Grains of feldspar and quartz

Or basically minerals that have Si in formula

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3
Q

Define lithify

A

Hardening

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4
Q

Define compaction and cementation

A

Compaction- reduction in volume of sediments resulting from weight of newly deposited sediments above
Cementation- Sediment being “glued” together via mineralization, typically calcite and quartz from groundwater fluid

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5
Q

Formation of sedimentary rocks

A

Formed from sediment, deposited in water or air

Usually settles as layers or bedded

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6
Q

Define Carbonate sediments

A

Grains of calcite and dolomite
Or minerals that have C03 in the formula
Pyroclastic

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7
Q

Process of the formation of sedimentary rocks starts from what

A

Weathering and Erosion

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8
Q

Process of formation

A

Weathering —> transportation—>deposition and lithification *****in a hole or basin (lake or ocean basin

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9
Q

Sedimentary rocks constitute

A

Only 7% of the earths crust by volume however

Covers 75% of the earths surface

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10
Q

What are modes of Transportation of loose sediment

A

Wind, water, glacial ice
Coarsest particles are close to the surface
The greater the distance of transport, the smoother or more rounded grains become

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11
Q

What are the three main Types of sedimentary rocks

A

Clastic sediments
Biochemical (carbonate) sediments
Chemical sediments

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12
Q

Clastic sediments

A

Rocks made up of small fragmented pre-existing rocks. Are then naturally weathered and transported, ends with lithification. Clastic = Detrital

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13
Q

Biochemical sediments

A

Formed from organic processes that involve living organisms producing the sediments. E.g. Limestone & Dolostone

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14
Q

Chemical sediments

A

precipitated directly from water (evaporation)

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15
Q

Define lithification

A

Is the conversion of sediments into rock. The following diagenetic processes may be involved
Compaction
Cementation

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16
Q

Define diagenetic

A

Physical, chemical or biological alteration of sediments into sedimentary rock at relatively low temperatures and pressures

17
Q

Sedimentary rock classification

A

Generally determined by size of grain and roundness

Location and ecological can also determine types

18
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks

A

Classical = detrial

Classified by size or particle

19
Q

What is the Wentworth scale

A

Grain diameter

20
Q

Angular and rounded sediments rocks

A

Breccia and conglomerate

21
Q

What rock name is greater than .0625mm

A

Shale

22
Q

What is the study of the provenance

A

reconstruct and to interpret the history of sediment from parent rocks at a source area

23
Q

Biochemical sedimentary rocks traits

A

Primarily found in oceans
Limestone and Dolostone are the main rocks
They are precipitation of dissolved ions

24
Q

Limestone

A

Composition of Calcium Carbonate

The primary source of calcite is marine organisms shells

25
Q

Most important feature of carbonate rocks

A

Texture

Is it carbonate mud or carbonate mud with skeletal materials

26
Q

Carbonate reefs

A

A reef complex on a carbonate shelf or platform,

Important setting of deposition of limestone

27
Q

Define fore reef, test question***

A

A fore reef is a platform on the edge of a coral reef made up of mostly dead organisms and calcite

28
Q

Where do coral reefs occur

A

Needs clear, warm, shallow water

Need water temperatures of 30 degrees

29
Q

Atoll formation

A

1) Underwater volcano pierces ocean surface
2) Coral reef forms around thre volcanic island
3) Fringing reef surround the sinking island
4) Barrier reef protects newly formed lagoon

30
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks

A

Chemical sedimentary rock forms when mineral constituents in solution become supersaturated and inorganically precipitate.

31
Q

Biochemical rock

Chert or Flint

A

Small particles of silica, often from shells of microscopic organisms like radiolarian
So chert is not a carbonate but a silica
Deep water oozes

32
Q

Organic sedimentary rocks

A

Think coal. *****

33
Q

Sedimentary structures

A

Layers = beds/strata

34
Q

Graded bedding

A

changing (decreasing) energy = Fining up?

35
Q

Formation of cross bedding and ripples ***test question

A

Asymmetrical ripples form in a unidirectional flow. Symmetrical ripples are the result of an oscillating back-and-forth flow typical of intertidal swash zones.

36
Q

How much of the earths core is made up of sedimentary rocks*****test question

A

75%

37
Q

What are the three main categories of sedimentary rocks ** test question

A

Silicilastic, biochemical and chemical

Geology (9 decks)

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