Minerals Flashcards
What factors have to be met for a substance to be a mineral
- Naturally occurring
- Solid crystalline substance
- Inorganic
- Specific chemical composition
What s a element
A substance which Cannot be separated or subdivided into simpler substances by chemical means
What does an atom consist of
An atom consists of a nucleus of protons which are positively charged and neutrons. A cloud of negative charged electrons equal number to the protons surround the nuclear us
How do you electrons arrange them selves
Electrons of her and she’ll like layers with two on the inner shell and 8 in succeeding shells outer shells
What is the valance shell
The outer most shell of an atom that affects the chemical make up of bonds
What are the two most abundant element on earth
Oxygen and silica make up 98.5% of the earths crust
What are three basic formations of minerals
- Precipitation directly from an aqueous solution with a temperature change
- Crystallization from a magma with a temperature change
- Biological precipitation by the act of organisms
Define the participation directly from an aqueous solution on the temperature change process
The process in which ions in solution come together to form solid minerals. The amount of precipitation is dependent on the concentration of ions in solution and other factors such as temperature and pressure
Define crystallization from magma
The process of increase temperature causing Adams to vibrate. If the vibrations are violent enough chemical bonds are broken and the crystals melt really seen the ions into the metal. when the cool mineral crystals can start to form.
Define Precipitation by organisms
Minerals Can fall off the shelves bones and by coverings of certain organisms, The most common is calcite or calcium carbonate. When when this falls down or sinks in the ocean this can build up on layers of sedimentary and we crushed into lime stone.
What is the most common form of geometric packing for minerals
Tetrahedrons
What are Olivines
Primary mineral of mantle and the rock called peridotite.
It is built by independent tetrahedral
It is in the mafic mineral group and is made up of ferro-magnesium
Define pyroxenes
Mafic group
Built from a long single chain of silica tetrahedra
Define amphiboles
Double chain silica tetrahedra
Mafic mineral of igneous and metamorphic origin
Define sheet silicates
A
Define framework silicates
framework silicates have a structure wherein all of the 4 oxygens of SiO4^4 tetrahedra are shared with other tetrahedra
Define oxides
a binary compound of oxygen with another element or group
Define Halides
a binary compound of a halogen with another element or group.
Define sulphides
a binary compound of sulfur with another element or group.
Define sulphates
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO²⁻
Define phosphates
a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
How can you identify minerals (try to get three)
- Crystal form
- Hardness
- Cleavages/fracture
- Lustre
- Colour
- Streak
7.
Define Gems
Minerals that are three main characteristics
Rarity, hardness, and chemical resistance
What are the properties of gems
Beauty, refractive index, dispersion, colour and transparency
Formation of Gems in mantle
The most abundant upper mantle mineral is olivine(peridot) formed 30-90km below Earths surface
The best known the mantel gem is diamond, Formed 160 km below the earth surface
Formation of magmatic gems
As magma cools elements combine to form minerals.
What are the most common minerals in the crust
Feldspars and quarts make up 63% of the crust
explain cross cutting relationships***** test questions
the Law of Crosscutting Relationships stated that if a fault or other body of rock cuts through another body of rock then it must be younger in age than the rock through which it cuts and displaces.
Define mafic
Can refer to a volcanic rock with lower silica composition, or the minerals that make up those rocks, namely olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. Mafic rocks are darker in color and contain more minerals that are dark in color, but can contain some plagioclase feldspar. Primary mafic rocks are basalt (extrusive) and gabbro (intrusive
Define Felsic
Can refer to a volcanic rock with higher silica composition, or the minerals that make up those rocks, namely quartz, feldspar (both potassium feldspar and plagioclase feldspar), and muscovite mica. Felsic rocks are lighter in color and contain more minerals that are light in color, but can contain some biotite and amphibole. Primary felsic rocks are rhyolite (extrusive) and granite (intrusive).
