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SoS > Sedimentære bjergarter > Flashcards

Sedimentære bjergarter Flashcards

1
Q

Hvilke otte typer af sedimentære bjergarter er der

A

Siliciclastic (terrigenous)
Carbonate
Siliceous
Coal
Evaporites
Pyroclastics
Ore stones
Phosphates

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2
Q

Hvordan inddeles siliciclastiske sten

A

Pelites - Arenites - Rudites

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3
Q

Hvad kende tegner pelites

A

Siliciclastic (terrigenous)
silt - mud
claystone - siltstone

under 63 mikrometer

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4
Q

Hvad kendetegner Arenites

A

Siliciclastic (terrigenous)
Sand
Sandstone

under 2 mm

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5
Q

Hvad kendetegner Rudites

A

Siliciclastic
Gravel >33%
Conglomorate + breccia

Under 4000 mm

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6
Q

Hvordan inddeler man arenites

A

Arenites (feldspatic or lithic arenite)
Wackes (feldspatic or lithic wacke)
Mudstones

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7
Q

Hvordan inddeler man rudites

A

Runded gravels = conglomorate
Angular gravel = breccia

Monomict: One type of gravel
Oligomict: Few (2 – 3) types of gravel
Polymict: Numerous types of gravel

Type of matrix (matrix can be a sandstone for instance!)

Matrix-supported conglomerate: Diamictite

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8
Q

Hvilke typer kalksten er der

A

Kalkssten = HCl
CaCO3
Dolomit = varm HCl
CaMg(CO3)2

Hvis det er blandet kalksten bruger man samme inddeling som i siliciclastiske, men det hedder
Conglomorate = rudite
Sandy calcarenite = arenite
Marl (calcipelite) = pelite

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9
Q

Hvad er de primære allochemes i carbonates?

A

(components)

Bioclasts (skeletal material)
- Ooids
- Peloids
- Intraclasts

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10
Q

Hvilke tre slags ooids findes der

A

Peloids <1mm
Ooids <2mm
Pisoid >2mm

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11
Q

What is the difference between an ooid and a
peloid?

A

peloid er meget små - micrite - inden internal struktur

ooid - runde - dannet af flere lag uden på hinanden - større end peloids

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12
Q

What is sparite

A

Carbonate cement

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13
Q

Biogenic siliceous

A

SiO2

Diatomite, sponge spicules, radiolaria

Chert, flint

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14
Q

Rækkefølge af evaporitter

A

Calcit (CaCO3) + dolomit (CaMg(CO3)2)
Gips (CaSO4∙2H2O)+Anhydrite(CaSO4)
Halit (stensalt, NaCl)
Sylvite (KCl)

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15
Q

Rækkefølge af evaporitter

A

Calcit (CaCO3) + dolomit (CaMg(CO3)2)
- 1/2

Gips (CaSO4∙2H2O)+Anhydrite(CaSO4)
- 1/3

Halit (stensalt, NaCl)
- 1/10

Sylvite (KCl)
- 1/20

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16
Q

Hvilken type pyroclast findes der

A

> 64 mm Pyroclastic breccia
2–64 mm Lapillituff
< 2 mm Coarse-grained tuff
< 1/16 mm Fine-grained tuff

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17
Q

Hvor meget metal skal der være i en ore stone

A

> 15%
Ofte jern

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18
Q

Hvad karakteriserer phosphater

A

P2O5 5-37%

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19
Q

På hvilken måde påvirker vand sedimentdannelse

A

Temperatur (2x pr 10 C)
Mængde nedbør
Syrligheden af nedbør
Draniage bassins hældning
Vegetation

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20
Q

Hvad er rækkefølgen for stabile mafiske mineraler

A

Olivin
Augit
Hornblende
Biotit
K-feldspar
Muskovit
Kvarts

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21
Q

Hvad er rækkefølgen for stabile felsiske mineraler

A

Ca-plagioklas
Na-Ca-plagioklas
Na-plagioklas
K-feldspar
Moskovit
Kvarts

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22
Q

Hvad betyder at en bjergart er congruent

A

Proportionen mellem elementer i opløsningen er den samme som proportionen mellem elementer i bjergarten

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23
Q

Hvilke bjergarter er congruent

A

Carbonater + evaporitter

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24
Q

Hvilke bjergarter er incongruent

A

Siliciclastiske

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25
Q

Weathering af siliciclastiske bjergarter

A

Acid hydrolysis
Sker især i sprækker

Danner både faste og opløste stoffer til dannelse af nye bjergarter
Især lermineraler

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26
Q

Hvilken effekt har flodens transport på sedimenter

A

Sorterer dem og afrunder dem

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27
Q

Hvad er Sorby Pricippet

A

Mere end 90% af carbonater fundet i morderne miljøer er af biologisk oprindelse

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28
Q

Hvilke forskelle er der i fersk og marint sammensætning af ioner

A

Mere Na+ i havvand
Mere Ca2+ i fersk vand

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29
Q

Hvilke forbindelser er optræder i et system med opløsning af CO2 i vand

A

CO2

HCO3-

CO3 2-

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30
Q

Hvilken forbindelse mellem vand og CO2 er der mest af ved havoverfladens pH på ca 8,2

A

HCO3 -

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31
Q

Ved hvilken pH vil man se CO2

A

4,5

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32
Q

Ved hvilken pH vil man se CO3 2-

A

11

33
Q

Hvad står DIC

A

dissolved inorganic carbon

34
Q

Hvilke carbon partikler har ikke biologisk oprindelse

A

Ooids

35
Q

Hvilke tre kilder er der til dannelse af micrite

A

fysisk eller biokemisk precipitation

døde alger lavet af caco3

fysisk eller biologisk slid på skeletmaterialer

36
Q

Hvilke former kan fordampede søer have

A

Bulls eye
Teardrop

Evaporitter der dannes først vil ligge yderst i lukkede søer -

37
Q

Hvad er Goldichserien

A

Viser hvor stabile mafiske og felsiske mineraler er - hvor lette er de at forvitre

38
Q

Hvordan dannes lermineraler

A

Kommer ofte fra forvitring af silicat mineraler

Forskellige lermineraler dannes under forskellige klima og weathering miljøer

Kaolinite: warm & humid, acid weathering conditions from the alteration of feldspar-rich rocks.

Illite: weathering of feldspars and micas under alkaline weathering conditions where significant
leaching of mobile cations such as potassium does not occur.

Smectites: drier climate, weathering of igneous rocks under alkaline conditions

39
Q

Hvad er forskellellen på fysisk erosion og kemisk forvitring

A

Fysiske processer
Kemisk nedbrydning af stof

Mere erosion = mere forvitring

Friske overflader skabt af fysisk erosion har potentiale for mere forvitring

Forvitring gør overflader svagere, så de nemmere kan eroderes

40
Q

Hvad er lermineraler lavet af

A

Lag af Si og O - thetraheder

Lag af O og hydroxyl med Al i midten - octrahedral

Kationer inde mellem lagene
Evt også vandmolekyler mellem lagene

41
Q

Hvad er siliciclastiske mineraler lavet af

A

Mafiske - Olivin, augit, hornblende, biotit

Felsiske - Ca-plagioklas, Na-Ca-plagioklas, Na-plagioklas

Begge dele - K-feldspar, Muskovit, Kvarts

42
Q

Hvilken formlen viser Carbonate saturation state

A

Omega

Når O >1 - mineraler dannes
Når O < 1 - mineraler opløses

43
Q

Hvad er carbonater lavet af

A

Carbonat = CO3 2-

Langt mest biologisk oprindelse

CaCO3 - cacit
CaMg(CO3)2

44
Q

Hvad står DIC for

A

dissolved inorganic carbon

CO2 + HCO3- + CO3 2-

45
Q

Sedimentary bassins

A

Dannes af tektonisk aktivitet

Rift basins – divergent plader

Passive margin basins – non-plate-boundary continental edge
- havet shelf

Intracontinental basins – interiors far from margins
- inde i lande

Foreland basins – ved bunden af bjergside

46
Q

Hvad kaldes et matrix-supported konglomarat

A

Diamictite

47
Q

Hvad bruges Dunhams klassifikation til

A

Opddele carbonater

Inddeles efter tekstur

Mudstone - wacke - packstone - grainstone

Boundstone

48
Q

Hvad er en boundstone

A

En sten hvor de originale sedimenter er bundet sammen da de deposeres

49
Q

Hvad er diagenese

A

Processen der binder sedimenter sammen

50
Q

Kan der være diagenese når en bjergart allerede er dannet

A

Ja
Mineralogien og teksturen kan stadig ændres

51
Q

Hvilke typer diagenese finde der

A

Eogenesis: early diagenesis that
occurs between deposition and
burial, at or near the surface.

Mesogenesis: middle-stage
diagenesis that occurs after
burial.

Telogenesis: late stage
diagenesis that occurs after
reexposure of formely buried
rocks.

52
Q

Hvilke generelle ting sker der under diagense

A
  • Compaction
  • Recrystallization
  • Solution (including pressure solution)
  • Cementation
  • Authigenesis (neocrystallization)
  • Replacement (including neomorphism)
  • Bioturbation
53
Q

Hvad sker der i ler og muddersten under diagenese

A

compaction, authigenesis and replacement
with lesser amount of solution, recrystallization, and cementation.

54
Q

Hvilken effekt har compaction på sedimenter

A

Reducerer tykkelse op til en faktor 10

Op til 60-70 volumen% af vand fjernes

Porøsiteten mindskes

Forskellige slags sedimenter påvirkes mere eller mindre af compaction - også i samme bjergart

55
Q

Hvad sker med lermineraler ved dybere begravelse

A

Kaolin bliver til smectite bliver til illite

56
Q

Hvilke processer mindsker porøsiteten i konglomarater og sandsten

A

Cementation, authigenesis, pressure solution and replacement are
the most significant processes of porosity reduction.

Kun lille effekt af tryk

57
Q

The main cementation processes in siliciclastic and carbonate sediments

A

Lithification

Opløsning

Vand

58
Q

Hvad er hardground (diagenese)

A

Evidence for early lithification

59
Q

Clastic rocks are

A

formed from particles of other rocks.

Volcaniclastic, Terrigenous and carbonates

60
Q

Which rocks belongs to the non-clastic rocks?

A

Carbonates, evaporites, coal, phosphates and ironstones

61
Q

Monomict, Oligomict, Polymict

A

One type of gravel (mono)
Few (2-3) types of gravel (oligomict)
Numerous types of gravel (Polymict)

62
Q

What type of matrix does a rudite have?

A

Often sandstone

63
Q

Main types of carbonates

A

Limestone and Dolomite

64
Q

Allochem

A

Components

65
Q

What are the main allochems?

A

Bioclasts, ooids, peloid, intraclasts

66
Q

Which ways do we classify carbonate rocks?

A

Folk classification (Composition) and Dunham classification (texture)

67
Q

Ortochems

A

Cement or Micrite (cement is a recrystallization of micrite, or cement can be a precipitation of ions from fluids in pores)

68
Q

What characterises wackestone?

A

A matrix-supported rock with more than 10 % clasts, and less than 10% of grains >2mm. Has a graded structure, where grain size gets smaller upward.

69
Q

Bioherm

A

Mound- or lens-shaped structures composed mainly of the skeletons or shells of carbonate-secreting organisms. Some are true, in situ reefs, whilst others formed as banks of loose, transported skeletal material. (for example corals and bryozoans). These structures create topography.

70
Q

Biostrom

A

Ribbon or sheet-shaped structures, made largely of skeletal material, either in growth position (reefs in the strict sense) or transported. (for example Oysters)

71
Q

Controls on sediment and dissolved loads

A

Temperature
Precipitation (ca. runoff - Provides water for weathering and eases erosion)
Seasonality of precipitation
Acidity of precipitation
Average elevation of the drainage basin
Vegetation

72
Q

Weathering of silicate minerals

A

produces insoluble iron oxides and clay minerals

Acid hydrolysis

73
Q

Eogenesis

A

Early diagenesis that occurs between deposition and burial, at or near the surface.

74
Q

Mesogenesis

A

Middle-stage diagenesis that occurs after burial

75
Q

Telogensis

A

Late stage diagenesis that occurs after reexposure of formely buried rocks

76
Q

What factors dictate at which degree the different diagenesis processes operates?

A

?
Composition of sediments, pressure, temperature, compositions of intergranular fluids, amount of fluids

77
Q

What factors dictate at which degree the different diagenesis processes operates?

A

?
Composition of sediments, pressure, temperature, compositions of intergranular fluids, amount of fluids

78
Q

Creation of Cement

A

Quartz or calcite

Made from precipitation of minerals within porespaces. It takes place by growth of cement on a small grain (syntaxial overgrowth)

79
Q

What is the link between clay minerals and climate?

A

Erosion happens faster when it is warm. And at the equator, we find monsoon rain, which moves clay minerals to the coast.

SoS (6 decks)

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