Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SoS > Sedimentære bjergarter > Flashcards

Sedimentære bjergarter Flashcards

1
Q

Hvilke otte typer af sedimentære bjergarter er der

A

Siliciclastic (terrigenous)
Carbonate
Siliceous
Coal
Evaporites
Pyroclastics
Ore stones
Phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hvordan inddeles siliciclastiske sten

A

Pelites - Arenites - Rudites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hvad kende tegner pelites

A

Siliciclastic (terrigenous)
silt - mud
claystone - siltstone

under 63 mikrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hvad kendetegner Arenites

A

Siliciclastic (terrigenous)
Sand
Sandstone

under 2 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hvad kendetegner Rudites

A

Siliciclastic
Gravel >33%
Conglomorate + breccia

Under 4000 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hvordan inddeler man arenites

A

Arenites (feldspatic or lithic arenite)
Wackes (feldspatic or lithic wacke)
Mudstones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hvordan inddeler man rudites

A

Runded gravels = conglomorate
Angular gravel = breccia

Monomict: One type of gravel
Oligomict: Few (2 – 3) types of gravel
Polymict: Numerous types of gravel

Type of matrix (matrix can be a sandstone for instance!)

Matrix-supported conglomerate: Diamictite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hvilke typer kalksten er der

A

Kalkssten = HCl
CaCO3
Dolomit = varm HCl
CaMg(CO3)2

Hvis det er blandet kalksten bruger man samme inddeling som i siliciclastiske, men det hedder
Conglomorate = rudite
Sandy calcarenite = arenite
Marl (calcipelite) = pelite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hvad er de primære allochemes i carbonates?

A

(components)

Bioclasts (skeletal material)
- Ooids
- Peloids
- Intraclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hvilke tre slags ooids findes der

A

Peloids <1mm
Ooids <2mm
Pisoid >2mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between an ooid and a
peloid?

A

peloid er meget små - micrite - inden internal struktur

ooid - runde - dannet af flere lag uden på hinanden - større end peloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is sparite

A

Carbonate cement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Biogenic siliceous

A

SiO2

Diatomite, sponge spicules, radiolaria

Chert, flint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rækkefølge af evaporitter

A

Calcit (CaCO3) + dolomit (CaMg(CO3)2)
Gips (CaSO4∙2H2O)+Anhydrite(CaSO4)
Halit (stensalt, NaCl)
Sylvite (KCl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rækkefølge af evaporitter

A

Calcit (CaCO3) + dolomit (CaMg(CO3)2)
- 1/2

Gips (CaSO4∙2H2O)+Anhydrite(CaSO4)
- 1/3

Halit (stensalt, NaCl)
- 1/10

Sylvite (KCl)
- 1/20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hvilken type pyroclast findes der

A

> 64 mm Pyroclastic breccia
2–64 mm Lapillituff
< 2 mm Coarse-grained tuff
< 1/16 mm Fine-grained tuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hvor meget metal skal der være i en ore stone

A

> 15%
Ofte jern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hvad karakteriserer phosphater

A

P2O5 5-37%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

På hvilken måde påvirker vand sedimentdannelse

A

Temperatur (2x pr 10 C)
Mængde nedbør
Syrligheden af nedbør
Draniage bassins hældning
Vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hvad er rækkefølgen for stabile mafiske mineraler

A

Olivin
Augit
Hornblende
Biotit
K-feldspar
Muskovit
Kvarts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hvad er rækkefølgen for stabile felsiske mineraler

A

Ca-plagioklas
Na-Ca-plagioklas
Na-plagioklas
K-feldspar
Moskovit
Kvarts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hvad betyder at en bjergart er congruent

A

Proportionen mellem elementer i opløsningen er den samme som proportionen mellem elementer i bjergarten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hvilke bjergarter er congruent

A

Carbonater + evaporitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hvilke bjergarter er incongruent

A

Siliciclastiske

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Weathering af siliciclastiske bjergarter

A

Acid hydrolysis
Sker især i sprækker

Danner både faste og opløste stoffer til dannelse af nye bjergarter
Især lermineraler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hvilken effekt har flodens transport på sedimenter

A

Sorterer dem og afrunder dem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hvad er Sorby Pricippet

A

Mere end 90% af carbonater fundet i morderne miljøer er af biologisk oprindelse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hvilke forskelle er der i fersk og marint sammensætning af ioner

A

Mere Na+ i havvand
Mere Ca2+ i fersk vand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hvilke forbindelser er optræder i et system med opløsning af CO2 i vand

A

CO2

HCO3-

CO3 2-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hvilken forbindelse mellem vand og CO2 er der mest af ved havoverfladens pH på ca 8,2

A

HCO3 -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ved hvilken pH vil man se CO2

A

4,5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ved hvilken pH vil man se CO3 2-

A

11

33
Q

Hvad står DIC

A

dissolved inorganic carbon

34
Q

Hvilke carbon partikler har ikke biologisk oprindelse

A

Ooids

35
Q

Hvilke tre kilder er der til dannelse af micrite

A

fysisk eller biokemisk precipitation

døde alger lavet af caco3

fysisk eller biologisk slid på skeletmaterialer

36
Q

Hvilke former kan fordampede søer have

A

Bulls eye
Teardrop

Evaporitter der dannes først vil ligge yderst i lukkede søer -

37
Q

Hvad er Goldichserien

A

Viser hvor stabile mafiske og felsiske mineraler er - hvor lette er de at forvitre

38
Q

Hvordan dannes lermineraler

A

Kommer ofte fra forvitring af silicat mineraler

Forskellige lermineraler dannes under forskellige klima og weathering miljøer

Kaolinite: warm & humid, acid weathering conditions from the alteration of feldspar-rich rocks.

Illite: weathering of feldspars and micas under alkaline weathering conditions where significant
leaching of mobile cations such as potassium does not occur.

Smectites: drier climate, weathering of igneous rocks under alkaline conditions

39
Q

Hvad er forskellellen på fysisk erosion og kemisk forvitring

A

Fysiske processer
Kemisk nedbrydning af stof

Mere erosion = mere forvitring

Friske overflader skabt af fysisk erosion har potentiale for mere forvitring

Forvitring gør overflader svagere, så de nemmere kan eroderes

40
Q

Hvad er lermineraler lavet af

A

Lag af Si og O - thetraheder

Lag af O og hydroxyl med Al i midten - octrahedral

Kationer inde mellem lagene
Evt også vandmolekyler mellem lagene

41
Q

Hvad er siliciclastiske mineraler lavet af

A

Mafiske - Olivin, augit, hornblende, biotit

Felsiske - Ca-plagioklas, Na-Ca-plagioklas, Na-plagioklas

Begge dele - K-feldspar, Muskovit, Kvarts

42
Q

Hvilken formlen viser Carbonate saturation state

A

Omega

Når O >1 - mineraler dannes
Når O < 1 - mineraler opløses

43
Q

Hvad er carbonater lavet af

A

Carbonat = CO3 2-

Langt mest biologisk oprindelse

CaCO3 - cacit
CaMg(CO3)2

44
Q

Hvad står DIC for

A

dissolved inorganic carbon

CO2 + HCO3- + CO3 2-

45
Q

Sedimentary bassins

A

Dannes af tektonisk aktivitet

Rift basins – divergent plader

Passive margin basins – non-plate-boundary continental edge
- havet shelf

Intracontinental basins – interiors far from margins
- inde i lande

Foreland basins – ved bunden af bjergside

46
Q

Hvad kaldes et matrix-supported konglomarat

A

Diamictite

47
Q

Hvad bruges Dunhams klassifikation til

A

Opddele carbonater

Inddeles efter tekstur

Mudstone - wacke - packstone - grainstone

Boundstone

48
Q

Hvad er en boundstone

A

En sten hvor de originale sedimenter er bundet sammen da de deposeres

49
Q

Hvad er diagenese

A

Processen der binder sedimenter sammen

50
Q

Kan der være diagenese når en bjergart allerede er dannet

A

Ja
Mineralogien og teksturen kan stadig ændres

51
Q

Hvilke typer diagenese finde der

A

Eogenesis: early diagenesis that
occurs between deposition and
burial, at or near the surface.

Mesogenesis: middle-stage
diagenesis that occurs after
burial.

Telogenesis: late stage
diagenesis that occurs after
reexposure of formely buried
rocks.

52
Q

Hvilke generelle ting sker der under diagense

A
  • Compaction
  • Recrystallization
  • Solution (including pressure solution)
  • Cementation
  • Authigenesis (neocrystallization)
  • Replacement (including neomorphism)
  • Bioturbation
53
Q

Hvad sker der i ler og muddersten under diagenese

A

compaction, authigenesis and replacement
with lesser amount of solution, recrystallization, and cementation.

54
Q

Hvilken effekt har compaction på sedimenter

A

Reducerer tykkelse op til en faktor 10

Op til 60-70 volumen% af vand fjernes

Porøsiteten mindskes

Forskellige slags sedimenter påvirkes mere eller mindre af compaction - også i samme bjergart

55
Q

Hvad sker med lermineraler ved dybere begravelse

A

Kaolin bliver til smectite bliver til illite

56
Q

Hvilke processer mindsker porøsiteten i konglomarater og sandsten

A

Cementation, authigenesis, pressure solution and replacement are
the most significant processes of porosity reduction.

Kun lille effekt af tryk

57
Q

The main cementation processes in siliciclastic and carbonate sediments

A

Lithification

Opløsning

Vand

58
Q

Hvad er hardground (diagenese)

A

Evidence for early lithification

59
Q

Clastic rocks are

A

formed from particles of other rocks.

Volcaniclastic, Terrigenous and carbonates

60
Q

Which rocks belongs to the non-clastic rocks?

A

Carbonates, evaporites, coal, phosphates and ironstones

61
Q

Monomict, Oligomict, Polymict

A

One type of gravel (mono)
Few (2-3) types of gravel (oligomict)
Numerous types of gravel (Polymict)

62
Q

What type of matrix does a rudite have?

A

Often sandstone

63
Q

Main types of carbonates

A

Limestone and Dolomite

64
Q

Allochem

A

Components

65
Q

What are the main allochems?

A

Bioclasts, ooids, peloid, intraclasts

66
Q

Which ways do we classify carbonate rocks?

A

Folk classification (Composition) and Dunham classification (texture)

67
Q

Ortochems

A

Cement or Micrite (cement is a recrystallization of micrite, or cement can be a precipitation of ions from fluids in pores)

68
Q

What characterises wackestone?

A

A matrix-supported rock with more than 10 % clasts, and less than 10% of grains >2mm. Has a graded structure, where grain size gets smaller upward.

69
Q

Bioherm

A

Mound- or lens-shaped structures composed mainly of the skeletons or shells of carbonate-secreting organisms. Some are true, in situ reefs, whilst others formed as banks of loose, transported skeletal material. (for example corals and bryozoans). These structures create topography.

70
Q

Biostrom

A

Ribbon or sheet-shaped structures, made largely of skeletal material, either in growth position (reefs in the strict sense) or transported. (for example Oysters)

71
Q

Controls on sediment and dissolved loads

A

Temperature
Precipitation (ca. runoff - Provides water for weathering and eases erosion)
Seasonality of precipitation
Acidity of precipitation
Average elevation of the drainage basin
Vegetation

72
Q

Weathering of silicate minerals

A

produces insoluble iron oxides and clay minerals

Acid hydrolysis

73
Q

Eogenesis

A

Early diagenesis that occurs between deposition and burial, at or near the surface.

74
Q

Mesogenesis

A

Middle-stage diagenesis that occurs after burial

75
Q

Telogensis

A

Late stage diagenesis that occurs after reexposure of formely buried rocks

76
Q

What factors dictate at which degree the different diagenesis processes operates?

A

?
Composition of sediments, pressure, temperature, compositions of intergranular fluids, amount of fluids

77
Q

What factors dictate at which degree the different diagenesis processes operates?

A

?
Composition of sediments, pressure, temperature, compositions of intergranular fluids, amount of fluids

78
Q

Creation of Cement

A

Quartz or calcite

Made from precipitation of minerals within porespaces. It takes place by growth of cement on a small grain (syntaxial overgrowth)

79
Q

What is the link between clay minerals and climate?

A

Erosion happens faster when it is warm. And at the equator, we find monsoon rain, which moves clay minerals to the coast.

SoS (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions