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AS Level CS 9618 Paper 1 > security, privacy and data integrity > Flashcards

security, privacy and data integrity Flashcards

1
Q

file based-approach

A

the data is stored in one or more separate computer files

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2
Q

relational database

A

a way of structuring info in table rows and columns

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3
Q

file-based limitations

A
  • data redundancy (repeated data)
  • data dependency (changes to data mean changes to the program accessing the data)
  • lack of data integrity
  • lack of data privacy
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4
Q

relational database pros

A
  • multiple tables are linked together: which reduces data redundancy, increases data integrity
  • program-data independence: structure of data can change and does not affect the program and vice-versa
  • complex queries can be easily written: to find specific data
  • different users can be given different access rights: improves security
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5
Q

entity

A

the concept or object in the system that we want to model and store info about

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6
Q

attributes

A

a column or field in a table

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7
Q

primary key

A

unique identifier for each tuple

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8
Q

foreign key

A

a field in one table that links to a primary key in another table

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9
Q

candidate keys

A

a set of keys that can be used to uniquely identify a record

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10
Q

tuple/record

A

data in one row of a table

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11
Q

referential integrity

A
  • making sure that tables do not try to reference data that does not exist
  • a primary key can’t be deleted unless all dependent records are already deleted
  • a primary key can’t be updates unless all dependent records are already updated
  • every foreign key value has a matching value in the corresponding primary key
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12
Q

how can relational database reduce data redundancy

A
  • because each record of data is stored once and referenced by a primary key
  • as data is stored in individual tables
  • tables are linked by relationships
  • by this proper use of primary and foreign eys
  • by enforcing referential integrity
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13
Q

developer interface

A
  • creates user friendly features
  • creates outputs
  • creates interactive features
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14
Q

query processor

A
  • creates SQL queries
  • searches for data that meets set criteria
  • performs calculation of extracted data
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15
Q

data dictionary

A

stores all the info about the database e.g: fields, datatypes, keys

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16
Q

tasks performed by DBMS developer interface

A
  • create a table
  • set up relationships between tables
  • create a form
  • create a report
  • create a query
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17
Q

DBMS software to ensure the security of data

A
  • issue usernames and passwords
  • access rights
  • regular backups
  • encryption of data
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18
Q

normalization

A

a method to remove or reduce data redundancy

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19
Q

1NF

A
  • no repeated group of attributes
  • no duplicate rows
  • all attributes should be atomic
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20
Q

2NF

A

should be in 1NF + no partial dependencies

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21
Q

3NF

A
  • should be in 1NF and 2NF + have no non-key dependencies
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22
Q

external schema

A

the individual’s view of the database

23
Q

logical schema

A

describes how the relationships will be implemented in the logic structure of the database

23
Q

conceptual schema

A

describes the views which user of the database might have

24
Q

data integrity

A
  • is making sure that data is correct
  • ensures that data received is the same as the sent data
  • e.g: parity check
25
Q

data privacy

A
  • keeps data confidential
  • only seen by authorized personnel
26
Q

data security

A
  • to keep data safe
  • prevention of data loss
  • e.g: data backup
27
Q

encryption

A
  • scrambles the source code
  • using an encryption key
  • if file is accessed without authorization it will be meaningless
  • it requires a decryption key to unscramble the algorithm
28
Q

data backup

A
  • a copy of data will have bene made and stored elsewhere
  • if original data is lost, the backup can be used to restore the data
29
Q

disk mirroring

A
  • data is stored on two disks simultaneously
  • if the first data disk drive fails the data is accessed from the second disk
30
Q

firewall

A
  • prevents unauthorized access to the data
  • monitors incoming and outgoing traffic
  • blocks transmission from unauthorized sources/websites
  • maintains an allow list
  • can be software or hardware or both
  • can help to prevent hacking
31
Q

user account

A
  • user has a username and password
  • access to resources can be limited to a specific account
  • a person cannot access the system without valid username and password
32
Q

anti-malware

A
  • scans for malicious code
  • quarantines or deletes any malicious software found
  • scans can be scheduled at regular intervals
33
Q

access rights

A
  • different access rights for individuals and groups
  • to stop users from editing the program
34
Q

physical measure

A
  • locked doors/keyboards
  • secure method of access
35
Q

methods to protect data online

A
  • running up to date anti virus
  • use of proxy server
  • strong biometrics
36
Q

malware

A

software that’s intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer or server

37
Q

virus

A

programs or program code that can replicate itself by inserting itself into another piece of software with the intention of deleting or corrputing files

38
Q

ways to protect from a virus

A
  • using anti-virus
  • update anti-virus on regular basis
  • avoid downloads from unknown sources
  • use a firewall
  • avoid suspicious websites
39
Q

worms

A
  • a standalone piece of software that can replicate itself automatically and does not require a host
  • can corrupt user’s computer, delete data and consume bandwidth
40
Q

logic bombs

A

code embedded in a program on a computer. when certain conditions are met, they are activated to carry out tasks such as deleting files or sending data to a hacker

41
Q

trojan horses

A

malicious program often disguised as legitimate software with the intent of harming the computer

42
Q

spyware

A
  • software that gathers info by monitoring (e.g: a key on the user’s keyboard being pressed)
  • the info is then sent back to the person who sent the software
43
Q

phising

A
  • phisher sends e-mail to the user
  • when clicked, it takes the user to a fake website so their confidential data can be obtained or malware can be installed on their device
  • falls under identity fraud and misuse of financial data
44
Q

pharming

A

malicious code installed on user’s computer or webserver. the code redirects the user to a fake website

45
Q

validation

A

checks that the data entered is reasonable

46
Q

verification

A

checks that the data entered is the same as the original

47
Q

calculating check-digit

A
  • each digit in the number is given a weighting e.g: 7,6,4,4,3,2,1 starting from the left
  • digit is multiplied by its weighting and then each value is added to make a total
  • the total is divided by 11 and the remainder should be substracted from 11
48
Q

checksum

A
  • bytes sent as a block
  • bytes added up before transmission
  • results of addition is sent with the data block
  • receiver will add all the blocks and the answer should be ALL 1s if it’s transferred correctly
49
Q

even parity

A

even number of 1s

50
Q

odd parity

A

odd number of 1s

51
Q

how digital signature ensures that the e-mail is authentic

A
  • e-mail message is put through hashing algorithm to produce a digest
  • digest is encrypted with sender’s private key to create digital signature
  • digital signature can only be decrypted with matching sender’s public key
52
Q

hashing algorithm

A

mathematical function that produces a hash key

AS Level CS 9618 Paper 1 (9 decks)

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